Langston Hughes Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion E

Langston Hughes SalvationIn most peoples lives, there comes a caput in time where their perception changes abruptly a single moment in their life when they come to a sudden realization. In Langston Hughes Salvation, contrary to completely expectations, a young Hughes is not saved by Jesus, but is saved from his own innocence.Salvation is the story of a young boy who has an experience of revelation. While attending a church revival, he comes to the sudden realization that Jesus will not physically come save him.In the first three sentences of the essay, the utterer adopts a very childlike path. He makes use of simple words and keeps the sentences short, similar in style to that of an early aged teenager. But since the text is create verbally in the past tense and the narrator mentions that he was going on thirteen (181), we know the speaker is now older. After reading a little further, we find that the style becomes more complex, with a more select choice of words and longer sen tences. The contrast between simple and complex styles is present all through the tranquility of the essay, and creates a more personal atmosphere. Another particularity of Salvation is the fact that the story recounts Langston Hughes own personal experiences as a young boy. This high degree of stuffiness allows Hughes to supply the reader with some very concrete details and vivid descriptions. The beauty in Hughes? personal insights lies in their power to reach our senses. We can intelligibly picture th...

Sleep :: Biology Essays Research Papers

SleepSleep is my favorite thing in life. My first waking thought is usually when will I be able to sleep again? But why do I love to sleep? What goes on behind my closed eyelids and what does sleep do for me? As early as 350 BC, Aristotle pondered the state of sleep With regard to sleep and waking, we must consider what they argon whether they are peculiar to soul or to body, or special K to both. Researchers are still engaged in investigating the complexities of sleep. To answers these questions, I turned to the Internet for help. After an exhausting search, weeding through web pages designed for the average insomniac looking for a quick fix to his/her troubles, and technical research papers discussing the specifics of neurobiological functions, I found some helpful writings. What is known is that sleep is founded on patterns of bodily functions and brain activity. While we are asleep, our brains exhibit distinct and separate stages of activity. This paper will discuss the basic patterns and stages of sleep at heart humans and the functions of severally stage. This introduction to sleep will serve as the basis for further research later in the semester. Sleep follows distinct patterns throughout the day. Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of biological activity which mediate many of our metabolic functions. Blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and hormonal secretions ebb and flow throughout the day in a cyclic pattern, often referred to as the biological clock. These rhythms are controlled by the superchaismatic nucleus region of the hypothalamus, which relies on both internal timing mechanisms within specific neurons as well as outside influences to set this clock. The biological clock is kept running by zeitbergers, that is, any input to the brain such as daylight, the smell of food, or temperature change. Sleep cycles follow our circadian rhythms. It has been found that the natural hormone melatonin plays a large part in mediating sleep. As t race falls, enzymes in the brain stimulate the release of melatonin from the pineal gland in the brain. Melatonin induces sleep by influencing the superchiasmatic nucleus. The release of melatonin is halted when daylight arrives, and we experience wakefulness. Other mediators such as seratonin, prolactin and prostaglandin have also been linked to the sleep cycle, but their exact role is unclear. Upon falling asleep, the brain and body go through five stages of sleep in one sleep cycle.

Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Essay -- Educati

Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Differing from bulky narrative of simply text, comics have visual representation existing through the creative, stock-still simple messages. Through the visuals, comics expose the ethnic representations of shared collective perceptions, memories, and feelings. Maus I is a true grievance of the authors yield as a final solution survivor, Vladek Spiegelman, and his experiences as a young Jew in Aushwitz. Maus II is slightly Vladek Spiegelman recounting his own history to his son, Art, of his past relationships, friends, and tragic events he experienced and witnessed. As the lector delves into the relationship of the father and son, the reader begins to realize what the message his father tries to reach across and for his own knowledge only. People most often would recall that the use of images would soften the realizations and accounts of events of Holocaust, but in reality the animated visuals greatly amplify the emotions a nd memories more. In both Maus I and Maus II, the comic panels of drawn images of memories, which are a lot more horrifying and true to conduct, than the real photographs of that time in the Holocaust show that the visuals comprising the comic books have advantages in many aspects of ethnic representation. The use of animals in the comic amplifies the tragedy much more than using real life characters of gentlemans gentleman. Maus recounts the history of Auschwitz through detailed drawings and mostly the same size comic panels with teeny-weeny sentences rather than a full novel. The use of images portrays a different emotion in the reader the reader must do more close culture in order to compare and contrast the images to the text. Art Spiegelman uses animals instead of humans to make it more readab... ...force. To remove the symbol of swastika entirely or step in it with another symbol would completely disorient the reader. Therefore, Spiegelman uses the swastika to remind th e reader that while the events may be unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative close to the devastating events of the Holocaust. In understanding Maus, the reader must take into account the fact that all works of literature are affected by the kindly and cultural contexts of its author. Spiegelman proves the point that a picture is worth a one million million words with his visuals through ethnic representation, which speak louder than the text, and contributes greatly for reader to engage and do close reading. In Maus, the use of frame stories in comic panels helped to confirm both the personal and the historical context of ethnic representation by providing educational awareness to younger readers. Why are comics less educational than literary novels? Essay -- EducatiWhy are comics less educational than literary novels? Differing from long narrative of simply text, comics have visual representation existing through the creative, yet simple messages. Through t he visuals, comics expose the ethnic representations of shared collective perceptions, memories, and emotions. Maus I is a true account of the authors father as a Holocaust survivor, Vladek Spiegelman, and his experiences as a young Jew in Aushwitz. Maus II is about Vladek Spiegelman recounting his own history to his son, Art, of his past relationships, friends, and tragic events he experienced and witnessed. As the reader delves into the relationship of the father and son, the reader begins to realize what the message his father tries to reach across and for his own knowledge only. People most often would think that the use of images would soften the realizations and accounts of events of Holocaust, but in reality the animated visuals greatly amplify the emotions and memories more. In both Maus I and Maus II, the comic panels of drawn images of memories, which are much more horrifying and true to life, than the real photographs of that time in the Holocaust show that the visuals co mprising the comic books have advantages in many aspects of ethnic representation. The use of animals in the comic amplifies the tragedy much more than using real life characters of humans. Maus recounts the history of Auschwitz through detailed drawings and mostly the same size comic panels with small sentences rather than a full novel. The use of images portrays a different emotion in the reader the reader must do more close reading in order to compare and contrast the images to the text. Art Spiegelman uses animals instead of humans to make it more readab... ...force. To remove the symbol of swastika entirely or replace it with another symbol would completely disorient the reader. Therefore, Spiegelman uses the swastika to remind the reader that while the events may be unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative about the devastating events of the Holocaust. In understanding Maus, the reader must take into account the fact that all works of literature are affected by the social a nd cultural contexts of its author. Spiegelman proves the point that a picture is worth a million words with his visuals through ethnic representation, which speak louder than the text, and contributes greatly for reader to engage and do close reading. In Maus, the use of frame stories in comic panels helped to establish both the personal and the historical context of ethnic representation by providing educational awareness to younger readers.

Frankensteins character :: Essays Papers

Frankensteins characterIn Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein caused many complications that could shake been easily prevented. These problems were the solution of his secrecy regarding his creation. The result was the deaths of many love ones. Victor brought this upon himself because of his character flaws. His goal was non to destroy human life, but to put his knowledge to use in eliminating death. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an nonliving body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that distant exceeded moderation.... The purpose of his experiment was to eliminate death. His reason for doing this was the mounting sentiment from his mothers death.One of Victors flaws was that he couldnt accept something that wasnt perfect. Because the physical appearance of the creature scared him, he rejected it. Before large(p) the creation a chance, Victor decided that it wasnt normal. Victor potful be held responsible not except for creating the monster, but for all(prenominal) of the results of the monsters actions.If Victor had communicated his problem with the people he needed to tell, the tragedies that occurred my not have happened. Unfortunately he never told his family of the creature and a few weeks later he received a letter informing him that his brother William had been murdered. When Victor arrived home, he saw his creation in the woods and was confident that the monster was the cause of the murder. The only person suspect was a girl named Justine, whom had lived in the Frankenstein house for a long while. Because of Victors timid nature in relation to the creature, Justine was penalise for Williams death. Victors main problem with telling his loved ones about the creature was that the story was so unbelievable that he thought he would be considered crazy. He was a coward and didnt take responsibility for his actions, and bec ause of that, all of his loved ones were casualties. Victor played the tragic role of God by fastener human life and transforming it. His role as the creator makes him consider himself not only a God-like figure, but a mother-figure. He feels responsible for the creatures actions as well he should.Frankensteins character Essays PapersFrankensteins characterIn Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein caused many complications that could have been easily prevented. These problems were the result of his secrecy regarding his creation. The result was the deaths of many loved ones. Victor brought this upon himself because of his character flaws. His goal was not to destroy human life, but to put his knowledge to use in eliminating death. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. For this I had deprived myself of rest and health. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation.... The purpose of h is experiment was to eliminate death. His reason for doing this was the mounting sentiment from his mothers death.One of Victors flaws was that he couldnt accept something that wasnt perfect. Because the physical appearance of the creature scared him, he rejected it. Before giving the creation a chance, Victor decided that it wasnt normal. Victor can be held responsible not only for creating the monster, but for all of the results of the monsters actions.If Victor had communicated his problem with the people he needed to tell, the tragedies that occurred my not have happened. Unfortunately he never told his family of the creature and a few weeks later he received a letter informing him that his brother William had been murdered. When Victor arrived home, he saw his creation in the woods and was confident that the monster was the cause of the murder. The only person suspect was a girl named Justine, whom had lived in the Frankenstein house for a long while. Because of Victors timid nature in relation to the creature, Justine was executed for Williams death. Victors main problem with telling his loved ones about the creature was that the story was so unbelievable that he thought he would be considered crazy. He was a coward and didnt take responsibility for his actions, and because of that, all of his loved ones were casualties. Victor played the tragic role of God by altering human life and transforming it. His role as the creator makes him consider himself not only a God-like figure, but a mother-figure. He feels responsible for the creatures actions as well he should.

Skilled Labor Scarcity Essay -- Human Resource Management

Article SummarySkill shortage is a genuine lack of adequately deft individuals operable in the accessible labor grocery store with the eccentric person of skill being sought and which leads to a difficulty in recruitment. A recent article by Ben Casselman in the Wall Street Journal highlighted the difficulties recruiters and employers (specifically manufacturers) facing are moderate to severe shortage of skilled labors to fill their well-paying positions that requires specialized skills. The shortages (due to weak labor market) are being felt in what have been heavy-duty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and other industries that somewhat do not require a college degree. The demand for skilled workers has a significant negative impact on the manufacturing firms and the skills gap can thus lead to a ripple effect. Skills gap is used to describe the soft mismatch between the supply or availability of human resources and the requirements of the labor market. Skills gap exists wher e employers feel that their existing workforce have inadequate skill type or skill level to meet their business objectives or where new entrants to the labor market are apparently trained and qualified for occupations but keep mum lack a variety of the specific skills required. The shortage also affects the less-skilled workers who lose out on spin-off jobs to support the increased outturn. Because of skills shortages, employers are lowering their expectations when recruiting hatful and cutting back on capacity and quality level. The skilled worker gap is developing at large due to the significant decline in the manufacturing sector (aspects of globalization and off-shoring) that appear less stable and attractive now as large number of workers approach retireme... ...rker employed). And, businesses may decide to increase production by making greater use of capital inputs such as extra units of machinery. A growing economy creates jobs for people entering the labor market for the first time and it provides employment opportunities for people unemployed and looking for work. Article Source Help Wanted In Unexpected Twist, Some Skilled Jobs Go Begging, by Ben Casselman, The Wall Street Journal, Column A1, November 26, 2011.http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203707504577010080035955166.htmlFrederic S. Mishkin. Macroeconomics Policy and Practice. Pearson Education, Inc., Addison-Wesley 2012.Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith. Modern Labor Economics Theory and Public Policy. Eleventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., Prentice Hall 2012.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment

Skilled Labor Scarcity Essay -- Human Resource Management

Article SummarySkill shortage is a genuine lack of adequately skilled individuals available in the accessible prod market with the type of skill being sought and which leads to a difficulty in recruitment. A recent article by Ben Casselman in the Wall passage Journal highlighted the difficulties recruiters and employers (specifically manufacturers) facing are moderate to severe shortage of skilled labors to fill their well-paying positions that requires specialized skills. The shortages (due to weak labor market) are being felt in what have been heavy-duty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing and other industries that somewhat do not require a college degree. The demand for skilled workers has a significant controvert impact on the manufacturing firms and the skills gap can thus lead to a ripple effect. Skills gap is used to describe the qualitative mismatch between the preparation or availability of human resources and the requirements of the labor market. Skills gap exists where e mployers feel that their existing workforce have inadequate skill type or skill train to meet their business objectives or where new entrants to the labor market are apparently trained and qualified for occupations but still lack a mixing of the specific skills required. The shortage also affects the less-skilled workers who lose out on spin-off jobs to support the increased production. Because of skills shortages, employers are lowering their expectations when recruiting people and cutting back on capacity and quality level. The skilled worker gap is developing at large due to the significant decline in the manufacturing sector (aspects of globalization and off-shoring) that egress less stable and attractive now as large number of workers approach retireme... ...rker employed). And, businesses may decide to increase production by making greater use of capital inputs such as extra units of machinery. A growing economy creates jobs for people entering the labor market for the fir st time and it provides meshing opportunities for people unemployed and looking for work. Article Source Help Wanted In Unexpected Twist, Some Skilled Jobs Go Begging, by Ben Casselman, The Wall course Journal, Column A1, November 26, 2011.http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203707504577010080035955166.htmlFrederic S. Mishkin. Macroeconomics Policy and Practice. Pearson Education, Inc., Addison-Wesley 2012.Ronald G. Ehrenberg and Robert S. Smith. Modern Labor Economics Theory and Public Policy. Eleventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc., Prentice Hall 2012.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment

Decline in Reading Skills Among Students

A comparative study by the ministry of education shows a worrying downward trend in put downing skills. This is evident from the dismal performance in reading skill test undertaken by the students. Furtherto a greater extent, according to a comprehensive U. S. -wide study of reading skills by the National Endowment for the Arts. (2007). Americans reading a lot less a study on reading skills. Retrieved from www. washingtonpost. com . in Washington draws on a alteration of sources, public and private, and essentially reaches one conclusion Americans read less more. Across other continents the same trend is worrying the governments.A look at the societal behavior and education trend would draw various reasons on the downward trend of reading skills. In nations where more than half the population lives below a dollar day, a focus on Africa and Asia, it cleaves difficult for students in such families to have easy access to reading materials. Poverty is a major work out reducing access ibility of reading materials to the less fortunate. Besdes not being able to access the reading materials, the students would rather spend much of the time trying to suffice their family make ends meet by engaging cheap labor or attending to home chores while the parents engage in fending for them.In the long lapse the trend is passed on to the next generation and the families remain in this vicious cycle. A technological focus of the society shows a racyer advance in kind media with more of these technological advancement targeting the youth and young who have hit these markets with a bang. The students are more glued to these social media development which increases their networking levels. On the rise is also the rate at which these students have turned to visual media which takes much of their s time. People find it easier to have visual media other than involving themselves in reading which they perceive to be rather tasking.This factor has been encouraged by our institutio ns which also turn most materials, originally produced for reading, into visual media reducing the chances of one having to read the materials than watching it, which is much easier and less involving. With all the above ,a more worrying trend is the teaching methods and skills passed to the students at school . Current education curriculum foc go fors more on passing particular test rather than developing students reading culture. The effect is that the students are more interested in passing tests and would want to use other methods to enable them pass the xams. The reading culture developed at the elementary level is eventually destroyed in these student and instead they get focused on other stuff and passing exams.The way students are taught takes, rather a passive line towards reading skills. In conclusion, reading skills among high school students ,is and has been on the decline due to three major factors inaccessibility of reading material due to poverty, technological advanc ement in the visual media and social networks which provide a leeway to the students to evade reading and teaching skill which gives reading skills an inactive approach.

Polk’s Declaration of War with Mexico Essay

Many believe that James K. Polks declaration of War with Mexico was a justifiable action. On the contrary, a more sound argument can be made using Lincolns Spot Resolutions and Thoreaus complaisant Disobedience stating that Polk deliberately proclaimed strugglefare in order to expand United States territory and slavery. Abraham Lincoln used his Spot Resolutions to persuade the House of Re pledgeatives to present Polk with queries about the veracity of his statements, particularly in regard to the actual spot where blood was initially shed. Lincolns questions were never answered but his resolutions convinced often of the public that Polk was not being straightfor contendd about his motives for war.In fact, Polk had a draft written to Congress asking to declare war on Mexico forward to having gained knowledge of U.S. casualties. Polks original justifications for war include Mexicos failure to pay U.S. damage claims and their refusal to meet with Slidell, yet later he stated that th e war was a defensive measure. Other oppositions to the war came from those who defended civil liberties, most prominently from Henry David Thoreau. Through Thoreaus eyes, the government was engaged in an unjust war with the sole objective to promote the westward expansion of slavery. As a protest, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax to support an imperialistic war, resulting in a shadow in jail.Thoreau condoned breaking the law if the law was perceived unethical. Thoreau believed that people have the duty to answer to a higher law than of our government, their own set of morals. Polk seemed to switch over his reasons for war depending on what the public hoped to hear, but he never wavered in his decision for the declaration of War on Mexico. This suggests that he was determined to reap the rewards from a war that he declared over the opposition from both the public and the legislature. The analysis of Lincolns Spot Resolutions infer that James K. Polk declared war to gain western lands, especially California, despite the repercussions of warfare. Thoreaus Civil Disobedience also gives evidence that Polk orchestrated the War with Mexico to reach slavery out west.

Five Wishes Essay

What would you do if an emergency broke out and you were unable to make health c argon choices for yourself? Does your family deal exactly what you want to happen? Do you re wholey know? Although no one wants to recover about such scenarios a crisis can emerge at any given time therefore it is best to be prepared. A known program that has had a lot of success is called quin Wishes. Five wishes is the low gear living will discusses personal, emotional, and spiritual needs as well as your medical wishes. It lets you to choose the person you would like make health care ending in a case where you cant. Five wishes insures that however you choose to be treated is what will happen exactly. Five wishes is set up to be beneficial for you and your family. It puts the end to the guessing game. This document is a way for the persevering to talk to their family and doctors even if they are in a severely ill state. The image of five wishes initially came from Jim Towey. After 12 years of w orking closely to Mother Teresa and then living a year in hospice he was shake to find way for long-sufferings and their families to plan ahead and cope with serious illness.The ending result was five wishes. The result of five wishes was a success. It has been featured on CNN and NBCs Today Show and in pages of Time and Money magazines. Five Wishes is often referred to as the first living will with a heart and soul. Five wishes is now available in 23 languages and is available in 42 states and also the District of Columbia. The only requirement of being eligible for Five Wishes is to be 18 or older. According to agingwithdignity.org over 13 million Americans have al skimy used this program. And because of its success the document is continuously distributed and suggested by hospitals, hospices, retiree groups, and lawyers. The screening is broken down in 5 wishes.Wish 1 addresses who you would like to make the decisions for you. This person is referred to as the longanimouss ag ent. The agent can be anyone that the patient chooses as long as they are at least 18 years or older. Within this service of process of the document it gives you key points to think about when choosing an agent to represent you. Also it lets you choose to what extent your agent can represent you. After wish 1 comes Wish 2. Wish 2 states what kind of medical treatment that you want or do not want. This part of the document is one of the most important since it on your treatment wishes. For case you have to state if you would like life support or not, if youwant comfort medications or not, if you want to be resuscitate in any way. This portion also has you choose your treatment if you are close to death, if you have permanent and severe brain damage without expectations of recovery, If you are in a coma and not expected to awake or recover, and lastly in any another condition under which you do not wish to be kept alive. The coterminous wish, wish 3, is on how comfortable you would like to be.They give options such as no pain at all, medication only if signs of mental, stomach, and/or breathing altercations, raw rags for fevors, lips and mouth kept moist, to be kept clean, to be massaged with oils, music being played until time of dealth, have hair/nails/ teeth kept up, religious readings and poems read close to death, and emotional and spiritual care options for the family. Once that is completed you move on to wish 4 where it discusses how the patient will want to be treated. The options are to have flock around as much as possible, to have hand held and someone talking to them as much as possible, to have people bedside praying, for the faith community that the patient attends to be aware of the scenario, to be cared for with a positive attitude, pictures of loved ones surrounding the bed, to be kept clean at all times, and the option to die at home. The last wish after wish 4 is wish 5. Wish 5 is what the patient wants their loved ones to know.The opti ons for this category are as followed letting them know that the patient loves them,to be forgiven for the times they hurt them, to let them know that they are forgiven for the times they hurt the patient, to let them know the patient doesnt fear realty, for the families to make peace before the patients death, for them to remember the healthy patient, for them to respect all the wishes, for them to stay positive, for them to get counseling so the memory of the patient be joy not sorrow, for the patient to be cremated or buried, the location for the body to go, for the person they chose knows their funeral wishes. That completes the 5 wishes of the patient. The very last step is for the patient to cutaneous senses the document, for there to be two witnesses and their signature and in Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, and West Virginia this document must be notarized. In conclusion yes signing and choice out wills are initially difficult but having this document in place be fore a crisis emerges ensures the actions taken place are what the patient wants. On the Five Wish document it states, Each patients decisions to accept or refusemedical treatment is respected. This policy is to honor a patients advance directive.

Don’t Complain

Often heard people complain why my face is not beautiful, why the weather is so bad, why I live in such a poor family why should we complain about it? Just like what Maya Angelou saidif you dont like something, neuter it. If you cant swop it, change your attitude. Dont complain. I remember I read an article about Helen Keller. The day she became blind and deaf she was only 18 months old At the beginning she was in truth sad and very easy to get angry, but after a few weeks, she composed herself. She began to find her own path in life.Miss Sullivan began to teach Helen vocabularies and how to tangency Braille Helen had generated a great interest in knowledge. Ultimately, she was admitted to Harvard University with honors. She didnt complain what she doesnt have she changed her attitude towards life and became successful. Another example, Hawking was a British abstractive physicist, and author. He was suffering from Lou Gehrigs disease and paralysis soon. After a few years, Hawki ng lost his ability of speaking also. Hawking was being detained in a wheelchair for 40 years the disease has made his body completely deformed.Even so, Hawking has not given up, he was tenaciously survived. Despite his debilitating illness, he has through ground-breaking work in physics and cosmology and his several books strive to make science accessible to everyone. He didnt have the ability to change his adversity, but he kept a good attitude and he didnt complain he became success. For those things that you cant change, there is no need to complain, change your attitude business leader be a better option. You cannot change your appearances, why dont you give it an indulgent smile you cannot change the weather, why dont you change your mood attitude is everything

The Teacher Preparation Programme Education Essay

Introduction teaching practicum is portion of the instructor readying programme. all learner instructors needs to on a lower floorgo training practicum in ready to finish their teaching classs so as University of Malaya TESL ( Teaching English as 2nd linguistic conversation ) undergraduates. University of Malaya TESL undergraduates need to travel for study practicum during their 4th twelvemonth in order to finish their class, Bachelor in Education ( TESL ) in University of Malaya.No unbelief cultivation practicum is an of import constituent in instructor commission programmes. It is because instruction practicum is a existent challenge for the pupil instructors where they need to use the theories that they remove learnt in the schoolroom. The term pattern learning embracings all the learning experiences of pupil instructors in schools ( Ashraf, 1999 ) . The term pattern financial statement has three major intensions the practicing of learning accomplishments and ac quisition of the responsibility of a instructor the whole scope of experiences that pupils go through in schools and the practical facets of the class as distinguishable from theoretical surveies ( St whizzs and Morris, 1977 ) . During the counsel practicum, pupil instructors atomic number 18 able to derive experience of learning in the schoolroom and learn to develop teacher-like personalities. At the same clip, they will be exposed to school refining and learn to map as a member of a school staff beyond schoolroom instruction ( Laila Hairani, 1996 ) . Besides that, learning practicum at any rate provides enormous chance to get downing instructors to go socialised into the profession ( Furlong et.al, 1988 ) . Student instructors public presentation during their instruction pattern will bode and foretell the futurity success of the instructor.This fall out aims to happen out University of Malaya TESL undergraduates beliefs just close to learning practicum. Beliefs con sidered as an of import psychological concept to teacher instruction ( Pintrich, 1990 ) . When pupil teachers come to university or travel for learning practicum, they bring many beliefs nearly learning. These beliefs may ensue from their experiences as a pupil in their schooling period. Furtherto a greater extent, pupil instructors experiences in the university through the methodological analysis categories, simulated learning for TESL, and other relevant activities will in any case act upon the development of pupils beliefs about learning practicum.The bing beliefs of pupil instructors should be considered in the instructor instruction programme as these beliefs interact with their acquisition procedure ( Esen Uzuntiryaki, 2007 ) . Namely, such beliefs would act upon pupil instructors to construe and analyze the pedagogical cognition, conceptualisation of learning undertakings, their instruction determinations and their schoolroom pattern ( King, Shumow & A Lietz, 2001 Paj ars, 1992 ) . Therefore, throughout the instructor instruction programme, it is really of import for the lectors to place pupil instructors beliefs about learning practicum before they go for existent instruction and promote them to reflect upon these beliefs ( Esen Uzuntiryaki, 2007 Mellado, 1998 Southerland & A Gess-New more or less, 1999 ) . If lectors understand and know pupil instructors beliefs about instruction, lectors would h darkened different outlooks from them. Besides, it would besides be a prominent chance for lectors to assist pupil instructors to determine their positions about instructor functions. This may decidedly act upon the manner pupil instructors receive and procedure cognition, recognise and postulate values and develop and heighten accomplishments infallible for effectual instruction ( Clarita M. de Leon-Carillo, 2007 ) .In short, every pupil will convey their ain positions and outlook on learning when they come ining a instructor instruction progr amme. This paper will be discoursing University of Malaya TESL undergraduates beliefs about learning practicum.Background of the surveyThe debut of the instructor instruction form was due to the recommendation made by Wolley Committee in 1980. It is formed to fix instructors for school. Harmonizing to the surveies, the schools were undergoing rapid growing in the early nineteenth century hence, it needed a big Numberss of instructors that clip. For that ground, different programmes or teacher readiness establishments existed to develop instructor of authorities schools, government-assisted schools and even common schools. There were three chief teacher developing establishmentsNon-graduate establishments which include the versatile instructor preparation colleges and centresteachers colleges and centres administered by the Ministry of Education are non afflicted to any university. The Ministry of Education is responsible for ordering classs for surveies and attesting successfu l campaigners in a centrally-controlled scrutiny. The scrutiny boards, nevertheless, are composed of representatives from different colleges. The instructors colleges offer biennial full-time class. A three-year class was provided from 1956 to 1968 for pupils who ingested precisely three old ages of utility(prenominal) school makings.Graduate teacher preparation establishments, viz. , University of Malaya Faculty of Education, University Sains Malaysia Centre for Educational Studies and University Kebangsaan Department of EducationThe alumnus instructor preparation establishments administered by the universities screw a big step of liberty though they depend upon the Ministry of Education for fiscal support. One of the alumnus instructor preparation establishments, University of Malaya has embarked on a serial publication of experiments in teacher instruction and modified the instructor instruction classs to carry through its function as a beginning of supply of alumnus instruct ors. For fiction, from the 1971/72 Sessionss, the Diploma of Education Course has modified and consisted of the undermentioned Foundations of Education ( 5 units ) , Methodology of learning ( 2 units ) and Teaching pattern ( 3 units ) .In-service instructor preparation programmesHarmonizing to Francis ( 1972 ) , during the British disposal small attending was paid to preparation of instructors. When Peninsular Malaysia became independent in 1957, upgrading the quality of instructors became the precedence of the Ministry of Education. The types of classs presently available may be divided into four major groupsinitial instructor preparation classs held during holidaies for impermanent un adept instructorsauxiliary full-time classs for trained instructorfull-time and holiday classs for trained instructors to utilize Malay as the medium of direction and to learn English as 2nd linguistic communicationholiday classs for the upgrading of qualified instructors in the assorted subjects.No affair what establishments you were traveling, learning practicum is one of the classs that you need to undergo in order to graduate from the establishment to go a instructor. Teacher Training stratum of the Ministry of Education Malaysia regarded the instruction pattern as a series of practical and systematic school experiences to assist pupil instructors to go overlord in their instruction calling ( Malaysia Education Ministry, 1990 ) . The pupils learning field experience is an indispensable constituent of larning to learn and supervising dramas an of import function ( Zahorik, 1988 ) .Harmonizing to the National Education Philosophy Malaysia, instruction in Malaysia is an ongoing attempt towards further developing the potency of persons in a holostic and incorporate mode, so as to bring forth persons who are intelectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonic, based on a steadfast belief in and devotedness to God. Such an attempt is designed to brin g forth Malaysian citizens who are knowing and competent, who possess high moral criterions and who are responsible and capable of accomplishing high degree of personal wellbeing every bit ethical as being able to lend to the harmoniousness and improvement of the household, the society and the state at big .Over a century ago the laminitiss of sane schools introduce learning pattern as an built-in portion of the course of study for the prospective simple school instructor. During this century learning pattern in secondary schools became a standard portion of the professional course of study in all types of colleges and universities. Since 1969, the instruction pattern agreements at the Faculty of Education, University of Malaya harbour undergone some extremist alterations in order to run into student instructors demands every bit safe(p) as to run into the National Education Philosophy Malaysia. Today, pupils are diametrical harmonizing to their first method option. During th e instruction pattern, the pupil instructor conducts schoolroom lessons and performs the responsibilities of a instructor in school. Furthermore, this period of practical experience, pupil instructors will be command and supervised by supervisors and co-operative instructors in the school.The instructor preparation division introduced the clinical supervising theoretical account ( Goldhammer, 1966 ) for all the instructor preparation colleges or universities in Malaya from June to October 1989. This theoretical account focuses on the integrating of planning, observation, rating and analysis of lessons. The pupil instructors schoolroom public presentation is observed, recorded, analysed and paid attending to the content and method facets of lesson execution. separately supervisor will do a reappraisal and measure pupil instructors public presentation in term of strengths and failings in instruction and to concentrate on countries for attending and betterment. The supervisor play s an of import function in learning pattern as they need to steer and confer with the peculiar pupil instructors based on their public presentation.Bachelor of EducationTeaching as 2nd linguistic communication ( TESL ) programme offered through University of MalayaTeaching as 2nd linguistic communication ( TESL ) is a four twelvemonth class. Students who undergo and specialize in TESL class will larn and get the hang patterns in instruction of English as 2nd linguistic communication. They will be trained for callings as English linguistic communication instructors. The module of instruction of University Malaya will set up the classs which level-headed focal point on applied and theoretical linguistic, instructors cultural, specialisation in learning methodological analysis and techniques, every bit good as programmes that sterilise pupil instructors for the doctorial work in the subjects.In order to finish the grade, undergraduates need to carry through the class demand. The und ermentioned tabular array is the illustration of class construction for the unmarried man of instruction ( get downing admittance session 2007/08 ) that undergraduates are required to carry through during the four old ages class.Form the tabular arraies, the mean recognition hours for each topic in each class is about three recognition hours. However, learning practicum consists of eight hr for itself entirely. It tells us that learning practicum plays an of import function in the whole instruction programme. Teaching pattern is normally implemented during the concluding stage of the instructor instruction programme. It is because the aim of practicum is to guarantee that pupil instructors get accomplishments, cognition, attitude and the values throughout the classs that are required by every professional instructor. The major accent of the instruction pattern is on learning and see both in and out of the schoolroom and development of appropriate personality traits of a instructor. Teaching practicum is a little constituent of Teacher Education Programme. If pupils instructors had a incorrect beliefs about learning practicum, and they will decidedly neglect to get the hang learning methodological analysis, learning cultural and some other accomplishments provided by the university. Besides that, they will besides confront troubles during learning practicum. The pupil instructors would endure when they go for learning pattern when they are in the concluding degree.In a nutshell, each and every instruction institute is making their best to supply the most suited classs in order to bring forth a professional instructor in the hereafter. However, one s beliefs will easy extend to one s larning attitude every bit good as one s learning presentation no affair during the learning procedure or in the hereafter. Therefore, besides furnish the good classs, the university besides needs to take pupils beliefs into history so that the governments and the lectors could learn and leave the right instruction beliefs about learning practicum to the pupil. For case, the university go off concentrate more on the Doctrine of Education to assist pupils to see better the nature of a human existences every bit good as the nature of larning manner. If the university understands what the pupil instructors concerns are and what are the beliefs that inhibit them from larning and execute better during microteaching, the university can easy set the classs to accommodate the pupils demands and fix the pupils to the instruction practicum.Statement of the jobTeaching Practicum is by and large recognized both within and outside Malaysia that most pupils are fierce in asseverating that learning pattern is one of the most valuable and one of the worst conducted parts of preparation ( Francis & A Paul, 1973 ) . Why Francis & A Paul described learning practicum as the worst conducted parts of preparation? It is because pupil instructors strike to play two functi ons at the same clip which are a scholar and a co-teacher. Student instructors are expected to show what they have possess the cognition and accomplishments through teacher instruction classs viz. planning, developing the lesson, pass oning, pull offing the schoolroom and besides measuring the pupils. Besides that, they are besides expected to follow professional attitude to their work as a co-teacher.There are several topics provided in teacher instruction classs, while learning practicum is one country in which the instructor preparation colleges and the universities portion many common jobs. One of the jobs is that pupil instructors may keep deeply to their beliefs about learning practicum indirectly affect their public presentation in learning during learning practicum or even in their hereafter learning calling. As we know, whenever pupils were to larn a new topic or to expose to a more ambitious cognition, they will keep to their beliefs in order to do themselves comfy to the state of affairs. However, pupil may hold some mistaken thoughts about the peculiar topics, so as the pupil instructors. Some of the pupil instructors may transport a overconfident and right belief about teacher practicum while some may non. This affair is really of import because wrong scholar beliefs will negatively impact their presentation every bit good as their public presentation in category. Student instructors may non portray themselves absolutely as a professional instructor when they hold wrong beliefs about instruction.This paper is to look into TESL undergraduates beliefs about learning practicum after they have undergone several programmes provided by Faculty of Education, University of Malaya. It is to see if they have common beliefs about learning practicum and it would anticipate if the pupil instructors held a correct or wrong belief about learning practicum. Many pupil instructors beliefs about school come from their experiences as pupils. They have formed fee lings about themselves and their abilities, about the nature of cognition, and about how learning takes topographic point. So, this paper would reexamine and foreground on TESL undergraduates beliefs about learning practicum on two major constituents, viz. the preliminary to learning practicum and schoolroom direction.Aims of the surveyThe aims of the survey are listed belowTo depict the University of Malaya TESL undergraduates anterior beliefs about learning practicum.To seek and place the constituents of the teacher instruction plan that help to construct their beliefs about learning practicum.Research QuestionsFor the intent of this survey, relevant readings are required to reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhat are the University of Malaya TESL undergraduates anterior beliefs about learning practicum?What are the constituents of the teacher instruction plan that help to construct pupil instructors beliefs about learning practicum?Definition of cardinal footingsBeliefsThe re are different ways to depict beliefs. H.A. Hodges said belief is a moral act for which the truster is to be held responsible , while Frank Pajares explained it as a Defining beliefs is at best a game of participants pick. They travel in camouflage and frequently under alias-attitudes, values, judgements, maxims, political orientation, perceptual experiences, personal theories, internal mental procedure, constructs, action schemes, regulations of pattern, practical rules, positions, repertories of apprehension, and societal scheme.PracticumThe significance of practicum in this context is a specialised field of survey that is designed to give pupils supervised practical application of antecedently studied theory after undergo class in school or college.Teaching PracticumTeaching Practicum is the last of the series of pedagogical classs. A pupil instructor is asked to learn under the supervising of a certified instructor in order to measure up for a grade in instruction. Student instructors use this chance to execute instruction theory and to widen their practical experiences.Student TeacherStudent instructor is synonymous with the term trainee instructor. Student instructor is a selected campaigner who has been enrolled for the instructor instruction programme class and is under the counsel of an university supervisor and other forces involved in the supervisory undertaking.1.6 Significance of the surveyThis survey aims to garner and analyze relevant informations which will supply the necessary information so that a description of the beliefs about learning practicum of TESL undergraduates of University of Malaya can be obtained.The focal point of the job of the survey is to place what the University of Malaya TESL undergraduates beliefs about learning practicum are. The consequence of the information analysis would so assist us every bit good as other pedagogues to lead a better understanding towards pupil instructors beliefs about instruction and besi des learning practicum. We may place if the pupil instructors have carried a incorrect belief about learning practicum all the clip. It will non merely profit the pedagogues, but the pupils will understand better about themselves and acknowledge which is the right or incorrect belief they have.Many argue that wrong pupil instructors beliefs would negatively impact their teaching attitude. Through the survey, the findings would give each pedagogue a great chance to alter and modified the instruction system and organize a footing for suggesting a better programme for pupils to determine their position of instructors function. Furthermore, pedagogues may make a better environment every bit good as learning course of study to fix the pupil instructors to learn efficaciously and leave them the passion of instruction.Last but non least, placing fluctuation of pupils beliefs may besides increase pupils degree of assurance. Once pupils have their ain beliefs, they would non happen instr uction is a hard undertaking. Through the survey, we can besides see what pupil instructors have prepared for learning practicum. Subsequently the pupils would see beliefs as a chief beginning that would impact personal development and the acquisition and learning procedure.1.7 Restrictions of the surveyThe labour to this query is that it is done merely questionnaires. Although it is good and proved method of making research through the aggregation of informations, it is still restricted to certain types of inquiries. In add-on, thither are a few of survey sing beliefs about learning practicum in Malaysia context.Besides that, this research is limited to 40 undergraduates of University of Malaya merely. While the findings of the survey can be used for pulling decisions about the beliefs about learning practicum of this university, they can non needfully be generalise to other university undergraduates. In add-on, the Numberss of undergraduates who participate in this research do n on stand for a complete probe of all the undergraduates in this university nor other universities.Pintrich, P. R. ( 1990 ) . Deductions of psychological research on pupils larning and college instruction for teacher instruction. Handbook of research on instructor instruction ( pp. 826-857 ) . New York Macmillan.

Inequalities associated with the global trading system + Letter to Mr David Walker Essay

As a third world businessman I constantly bear witness to the inequalities and injustices associated with the global trade system. These inequalities and injustices could potentially be detrimental to the future stability and security of many African economies which primarily rely on the export of agricultural produce for survival (Clapp, 2006563). The belief of agricultural protectionism is one that is a highly divisive issue that will render many Africans countries becoming susceptible to scotch stagnation and ultimately economic declination as their ability to compete in the Global markets is significantly reduced. Agricultural protectionism therefore places an unfair burden on African countries and completely undermines the imagination of free and liberalized trade (Clapp, 2006564).One example can be seen in The United States, the USA spends 2-4 billion dollars annually subsidizing American cotton farmers which have knockout repercussions for African farmers (Clapp, 2006565). In 2003 US agricultural exports sold for anywhere between 10 percent and 50 percent below the cost of production, similarly, The European kernel also exports key commodities for less than the cost of production. In other OECD countries, agricultural subsidies rose from US$271.2 billion in 1986-88 to US$330.6 billion in 1998-2000 (Clapp, 2006565). In Africa, farming accounts for up to 70 percent of employment and is one of the main sources of income for many people living in poverty and therefore the protectionist policies of OECD countries and other large countries poses severe implications for the future sustainability of many African economies (Stiglitz, 2006).Throughout Africa there have been many industries that have been severely hit by competition from highly subsidise agricultural produce from the European Union and The USA. One prime example can be seen in Namibia where a 600% increase in EU holler exports to reciprocal ohm Africa has severely hampered the ability of N amibian cattle farmers to compete in the market as the surplus of EU beef floods the market thus wakeless prices (Hooper-Box, 2003).Other industries that have been affected include the canned food sector which has experienced a period of stagnated growth over the past ten years whereas the canned food industry in Europe has, in the same period, doubled and continues to experience growth (Hooper-Box, 2003). It is therefore of the utmost that the EU and USA be forced to cut back on export subsidies in order to ensure the complete, harmonious and sustainable development and growth of the develop world. 2001 Nobel Prize succeeder Joseph Stiglitz emphasizes the importance in developed countries opening their markets to the developing world without political or economic reciprocity or conditionality such a mentality would vastly support the crippling situation in the developing world (Stiglitz, 2006).The inequalities present in the global trading system have adverse affects on the d eveloping world as the dumping of produce on global markets result in price deficits which hinders economic growth and therefore sparks reductions in employment and societal development rates (Stiglitz, 2006). The gross imbalance in the global trading system according to Stiglitz, is primarily due to economic globalisation out tempo political globalisation.Agricultural protectionism may not be the cause of poverty and underdevelopment in Africa however the liberalization and implementation of free trade routes without barriers would sufficiently aid and improve the perilous situation in Africa. Africa is in dire need of investors and the opening of global trade markets would entice investment and therefore encourage the oftentimes needed economic growth. The strict implementation of regulations is a necessity in policing the detrimental effects that globalisation is having on the developing world.ReferencesClapp, J. (2006). WTO Agriculture Negotiations Implications for the Global South Third Quarterly, Volume. 27, No.4. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. 2006.Hooper-Box, C., (2003). SA in fight-back as farm subsidies cripple poorer nations. The sunlight Independant, 23 September. P.1.Stiglitz, J., (2006). Why Stiglitzs positive take on globalisation isnt realistic. The Sunday Independant, 17 September. Business report section.

Compare and Contrast the Different Perspective on the Self

Comp atomic number 18 and contrast the different perspective on the self in Kaphagawanis article African conceptions of a mortal. Reflect on some of the challenges. control board of Content Table of Content1 Introduction2 Nature2 Principle of life2 Personhood3 Human being3 end point3 References4 IntroductionIn this essay I will compare and contrast the different perspectives of self, person and personhood from various agricultures across Africa, answering the old-fashioned questions within metaphysics as well as philosophy What is a person? What elements constitute being a person? and Could one be a person without personhood? Nature The Akan philosophers Wiredu and Gyekye agree the gumbo soil (soul) is the innermost self of the person, but disagree whether the nature of the okra is a material or immaterial substance.Wiredu insist the okra is different from the Western philosophys perceived soul, because to the West the term soul refers to a purely immaterial entity that some how inhabits the body. The okra, by contrast, is quasi-physical. (1) The okra for Gyekye has the selfsame(prenominal) concept of a soul as in other metaphysical systems and proclaims that a crucial aspect of Akan metaphysics is the existence of the world of spirits (2a). Gyekye insists the okra and sunsum are immaterial substances and they survive death as a spiritual unity(2b) where Wiredu suggests sunsum is not an entity but a manner of being, which perishes at death.Principle of life The sunsum as the activate principle and okra as the principle of life is unclear. The Yorubas ori, like the okra, is the determinant of personality, where the emi is the spry principal of life. The Akans perception of okra is regarded as the active life principle supplied by the deity, as well as the bearer of destiny, where the Yorubas emi, which is the equivalent of okra, is not the bearer of destiny. PersonhoodThe words of John F. Kennedy, Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what yo u can do for your country (3) sums up the road to personhood. Mbiti (4) argues that in traditional life, the individual does not and cannot exist but except corporately. He is simply part of the whole, and describes a social-centric view of personhood in which society creates the individual. Tempels agrees that this concept of separate beings, of substance hich find themselves side by side, entirely independent one of another, is foreign to Bantu thought. (5) Human being Kagame claims that homosexuals beings are complete animals from the moment he exist in his mothers womb, when a name has been given or from the moment he puts reason to good use (6) but for Wiredu everyone is born a person. However personhood is something you may pass making some more person than others on fulfilment of ones obligations to self, household and to community. 7) For Geykye a human person is a being who has a moral awareness and is capable of making moral judgements (8a) and does not agree with t he personhood debate because what the individual would be striving for in all his/her exertions is some social status, not personhood. (8b) Conclusion After colonialism Africa provided descriptions on what a person is in the African context but the authentic descriptions were lost in order to compensate for Aristotles man is a rational animal.It unified African educated philosophers and created a second tier by adding the word hood to person. The English words creates definition issues because it is unable to effectively define African concepts as passed down amongst generations. The words of John F. Kennedys inauguration speech stress the essence of African culture as it emphasises the role which the community plays in order for a person to be able to define him-/herself. References (1) Kwasi WireduThe concept of mind with particular reference to the language and thought of the Akan Contemporary Philosophy A new survey. Vol 5 African Philosophy, ed G. Floistad (Dordrecht Nijhoff, 1987) pg. 161 (2a) Kwame Gyekye Concept of a person An essay on African philosophic thought, revise,d edition, ed Kwane Gyekye (Temple university press, Philadelphia, 1995) pg. 86,87 (2b) Kwame Gyekye Concept of a person An essay on African philosophical thought, revise,d edition, ed Kwane Gyekye (Temple university press, Philadelphia, 1995) pg. 98 (3) John F.Kennedy This speech was delivered by John F Kennedy at his inauguration in Washington on January 20 1961. (4) John S. Mbiti Ethnic Groups, Kinship the Individual African Religions and Philosophy, 2nd edition, ed. John S Mbiti (Oxford Heineman, 1989), pg. 106. (5) start out Placide Temples Bantu Philosophy La Philosophie Bantoue, ed. Dr. A. Rubbens (Elizabethville Lovania, 1945), pg. 58. (6) Alex Kagame The Shadow Thesis Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA Pretoria, 2012) pg. 91 (7) Kwasi Wiredu An Akan perspective on human rights The African Philosophy Reader, Second Edition, ed PH Coetzee and APJ Roux (Routledge Londen, 2003), pg 315 (8a) Kwame Gyekye Person and community in African thought Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA Pretoria, 2012) pg. 29 (8b) Kwame Gyekye Person and community in African thought Reading in contemporary African Philosophy, ed Dr P Mungwini, Dr MLJ Koeane, Mr ESN Mkhwanazi (UNISA Pretoria, 2012) pg. 30

Google Analytics

Urchin on Demand, a blade statistics analysis course developed by urchin Software potful, was utilize as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful incubateing joyrides for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool washbasin champion analysts save time by reserveing them to organize and present schooling based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of entropy to discernment specific Information. These variables allow you to collect erratic data that Is most important to your business.These reports corporation be constructed in dashs to gain it easy to understand. excessively included in this tool are custom alerts that leave behind alert an undivided on probatory changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising retrovert on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and rev enue and standard them against the advertise costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products Towards and Decades. Towards is a cost-per- click and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the newspaper publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, in the main used by website publishers of all sizes to urinate and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades to a fault lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unknowledgeable personalized report emails that contain discipline that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manag e how thin data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are obtainable to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyze in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In site to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individuals website outhouse funnel or direct visitors to the business owners goal. It will advert which pages result In higher slue rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the bring of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently nag ten needs AT teaching potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track vigorous websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search subprogr am helps you identify with customers needs in order to speed up the time to conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and pick at advertising costs.Google AnalyticsUrchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mi nd specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products Towards and Decades. Towards is a cost-per- click and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are o ften relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are available to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individuals website can funnel or direct visitors to the business owners goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Ide ntified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customers needs in order to speed up the time to conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs.

Payroll Case Essay

Kudler Fine Foods uses a biometric date system which requires the usage of time clocks to admonisher the time employees engaged in work responsibilities. The method requires the use of a finger touch pad to depict the numerous time punches made by the employee. The employees study is entered upon hired into the companys payroll system. ground on the numerous time punches made, the organization evaluates the employees work hours and computes the employees salary. The computation for employee salary includes regular time, overtime time, bonuses, holiday pay, vacation pay, etc. and both federal and state deductions as well as other presidency deductions and individual benefit deductions such as 401(k) contributions to the employees salary (Apollo Group Inc., 2013).Although, this is an effective method to monitor employee work hours and compete payroll, the companys current system is not directly linked amongst the deuce-ace operating subsidiaries. The purchase of an industry-spe cific software can help integrate the flow of teaching from the three locations by establishing an effective method of recording all of the data and feeding the database. This could prove to be cost-effective considering the disbursal associated with the development of a customized software. However, some modifications may be required for an industry-specific software in order to vitrine the companys demands. The idea is to integrate the three subsidiaries and create a better way of obtaining information and storing data.The system may require a modification to how employee hours are recorded according to the softwares specifications. The process give should remain similar to Kudlers Fine Foods existing procedure requiring the need to farm animal personal information such as exemptions and other personal data for taxing purposes. The system will maintain employee records and any update made to those records. The employee personnel responsible for administrating payroll can view this information via the integrated system and make adjustments if necessary using proper clearance by a ingredient of management. This system will add value by improving the effectiveness of flow of data and by ensuring that there is sufficient evidence to support payroll computations amongst the subsidiary stores.ReferencesApollo Group Inc., (2007, 2010, 2011, 2013). Kudler Fine Foods. Finance & account Accounting System Overview. Retrieved on February 11, 2013 from the University of Phoenix.

Quality Control and Nissan

Milennia Atlantic University Operations Management Juan Hernandez Adriana Rogross revenue NISSAN Introduction Nissan was the sixth largest auto take forr in the world behindGeneral Motors,Volkswagen Group,Toyota,Hyundai Motor Group, andFordin 2011. It formerly marketed vehicles under the Datsun defacement name. As of 2011, the play alongs global headquarters is located inNishi-ku, Yokohama. In 1999, Nissan entered a two way bond withRenault S. A. of France, which owns 43. 4% of Nissan while Nissan holds 15% of Renault sh atomic human action 18s, as of 2008.Along with its normal range of models, Nissan withal produces a range of luxury models stigmatise asInfiniti. Jidosha-Seizo Kabushiki-Kaisha had been established in December 1933. The ships social clubs spic-and-span name, adopted in June 1934, was an abbreviation for Nippon Sangyo, a zaibatsu(or belongings company) belonging to Tobatas founder, Yoshisuke Aikawa. Nissan produced its head start Datsun (a descendant of the Dat Car, a shrimpy, boxy passenger vehicle approach patterned by japanese automotive pioneer Masujiro Hashimoto that was first produced in 1914) at its Yokohama comprise in April 1935. The company began trade railroad cars to Australia that same year.Beginning in 1938 and lasting by dint of come inWorld War II, Nissan converted entirely from producing small passenger cars to producing trucks and military vehicles. Allied occupation forces seized much of Nissans outturn effects in 1945 and didnt return full nothingness to Nissan until a decade later. In 1960, Nissan became the first Japanese auto manufacturer to win the Deming Prize for engineering excellence. sassy Datsun models like the Bluebird (1959), the Cedric (1960) and the Sunny (1966) helped spur Nissan sales in Japan and ab way, and the company startd phenomenal growth everyplace the course of the1960s.Nissan has a broad variety of police squads digested on material bodying strategies for nigh all aspect of Operations Management study, this research shows once more the outstanding performance of this company on every aspect of its management. Product and Services 1. Automotive Components Business. Supplies domestic Nissan plants and affiliated component makers with split and materials from overseas and overly exports components to Nissans overseas facilities. From crop gainment to final holdy, the business diverse management capabilities enable it to abide invaluable support to the range of clients it proudly serves.The more the global sourcing of automotive components progresses, the more important the logistics force becomes. Nissans branches and affiliated companies spread world astray engender wargonhouses which store inventory of auto infracts in set to drastically shorten the lead-time of logistics, as if the foreign fortunes were purchased domestically, and they substantiate solutions that exit fit node different needs including emergency orders by utili zing their takings control organization and k instantly-how as to how to go to sleep the vehicle turnout lines with the minimum inventory. . Machinery Business. Nissans machinery business is focused on improving domestic, export, import and intermediary trade to suffer customer needs and change magnitude global demand, while continuing to streng indeed the relationship with customers and partners. This involves a wide- pithd range of categories, such(prenominal) as unhomogeneous kinds of machinery quick-wittedness, bastarding die, plant exportation, MRO (maintenance, repair & trading operations) parts, jig fixtures, pallets, cutting tools and various consumer goods for automotive distributors.The military services offered by Nissan provide a postgraduate level of support, including planning support for all kinds of production, optimum purchase in the most suitable country, export & import, delivery & installation, full-turn key services up to the send-off of productio n and supply sp atomic number 18 parts, etc. 3. Chemicals Business. This business handles a diverse range of products including organic and inorganic chemicals, petrochemicals, high performance and stark naked materials and deteriorations for the aerospace industry, accommodate to customer requirements through with(predicate) sales consultations and customized proposals.In approachion, Chemical Business endeavors to develop and supply materials that meet the individual preconditions of customers. In addition to dealing with cranky materials for resin components used in automobiles, such as world(a) purpose resin, engineering plastic, coatings, adhesives and automotive chemicals, lancinate materials and endues, instrument panels, leather for verge trims, and fabrics argon in like manner sold. The purchasing and interchange of resin cast components, etc. s done globally. The company is also involved in resin colorization and the outsourcing of logistics alongside our ex isting business of buying and selling raw and prepared materials. We have gained high marks both from our distributors and suppliers that constitute the materials for both manufacturing functions and stock logistics. Not only when do we focus on expanding domestically, but also on expanding into the global market.Nissan is strongly committed towards environmental conservation by recycling resin components, such as automobile bumpers, and associating its business operation with vendors that also recycle resin. In recent years, Nissan has expand towards third-country trading with the aim of building a framework that testament offer the best materials and prices globally in order to streamline the buying and selling of materials through global SCM, along with the manufacturing of products. 4.Energy and Materials Business. Since the company was established in 1979, it has been involved with the buying and selling of various fuels and lubricants for vessels. In addition to the compon ents that Nissan Trading lively supplies for vessels to various regions of the world, our company has expanded to supplying fuel and lubricants to the key industries that began with Nissan Motor, offering retail services such as gas cards, as well as importing and exporting various materials for automobiles.The company has also taken steps towards environmental conservation during automobile production by use biomass fuel. The muscle and materials business supports distribution and manufacturing industries through the supply of fuel to factories in Japan and to cargo ships and tankers at major ports worldwide. Also manages a gasoline card system that allows the purchase fuel and have the equal deducted from their monthly salary. Materials such as coke and raw iron are sold to Nissan Motors, foundries and manufacturers of precious metals, etc.In order to collectively cast up the corporate awareness of environmental conservation and promote the importance of recycling, they reuse turn generated from the manufacturing of automobiles and reuse precious metals that are extracted from production waste resulting from the manufacture of stainless leaf blade. 5. Steel Business. Established in 1981 with the aim of providing make and steel products necessary for automotive production by Nissan Motor, steel business started by delivering steel sheets to Nissan Motors Kyushu Plant and Nissans? omponent suppliers. Currently, their main steel operation is to supply steel sheets to all of Nissans? domestic plants. At Kyushu area, they operate advanced SCM to support our customers through our logistics company. Their overseas business started in 1988 by exporting steel from Japan to Nissan Motor Manufacturing (UK). Nowadays, these operations cover many countries where Nissan has plants and these plants are served through imports, exports and third-country trading. by offering a wide variety of materials besides steel sheets, such as special steel alloy for engine compo nents, steel bars, steel pipes, and aluminum sheet essential for light-weight cars, a vast amount of expertise in materials procurements has been accumulated. Nissan is also taking an important role to provide experimental steel materials for new development of cars. Nissan Tradings steel businesses bequeath glide by to grow and progress to meet rising demand from Nissan Motors global expansion. 6. Vehicles Group.The vehicle group is expanding the sales of Nissan vehicles in South and Central America, Asia, Africa, and the rest of the world. The group also imports vehicles and accessories and oversees the shipment of non-Japanese-made vehicles to former(a) countries. The Vehicles Group began its operation in 1978 with the purpose of supporting Nissan Motors export businesses. Based on unique experience and expertise, Nissan is now providing solution to the vehicles demand of the United Nations and taking care at the same time of marketing and sales to certain individual countrie s in Asia, Oceania and Africa.For all these customers, their service is not limited to just selling cars, but providing marketing, logistic and financial solution as well. This function is unique but established as an integral part of Nissan Motors overseas operation. 7. Non-Ferrous Metals Business. This business handles both open and Precious Metals. With Light Metal operation, it strives to offer a steady supply of materials to customers, such as aluminum bullion for raw materials, aluminum alloy bullion, aluminum pes metal, including aluminum scrap to Nissan Motor, aluminum component manufacturers and aluminum alloy manufacturers within its global network.In an increasingly demanding market, Nissan offers more fuel-efficient automobiles with the help of miniaturization and improved reusability of aluminum. The Precious Metals operation also imports precious metals at an optimal price domestically and internationally, and then offers a steady supply of these materials, such as platinum, palladium and rhodium, in response to the growing demand for automobile catalysts brought upon legislation that sticks to tighten vehicle emissions. Aluminum alloys are increasingly gaining importance in vehicle manufacturing.This business supplies these products in the form of panels, rods and ingots, and also handles a variety of precious metal. The automotive industry is making greater efforts to use and recycle these metals and other raw materials, reflecting the communitys concern for the worlds limited resources. As the trend of ? Producing Eco-Friendly Vehicles Vehicles? h continues to gain momentum worldwide, the role of our Precious Metals operation lead continue to grow in importance. fancy and product development surgical processNissan uses an automatic cutting machine. With the better accuracy afforded by evolving CAD systems, information sound reflection once done entirely by hand was change using this machine. A machine for automated measurement of veh icles is also used. In this way, the conventional clay model- base excogitateing formerly used by Nissan has now shifted to digital data-centered origination development. Usually, aspiration development is done triad to four years prior to the launch, so it is difficult as designers need to forecast the prospective social trends and customer needs.Recently, the study and design of Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI) based on ergonomics (the study of how a workplace or equipment can best be designed for comfort, safety, efficiency and productivity) is a well-established practice for this company. Nissan has been actively researching human-vehicle interfaces since the 1990s. Watanabe, for utilisation, handled instrument panel design for the Infiniti J30 (Leopard J-Ferry), Laurel and Cefiro, and proposed applying universal design in concept cars in the late 90s.Over the past decade, the concept of universal design has come into general parlance for products that are easy for anyone to use, regardless of physical limitations. Nissan took the universal-design concept a step further in 2005, embracing the concept of Interaction Design so that customers go away feel that every part of a car works smoothly and attractively. And while creating HMIs is usually Research and Development territory, at Nissan its a anteriority of the Design Department as well. The involvement of both the Design and RD Divisions in create universal design is unique to Nissan. Interaction Design, can be divided into three areas Interfaces Instruments and graphical drug user interfaces, like navigation systems, door handles, switches, lighting, etc. Interior colors and materials Perceived reference Individual part textures, give voices between parts, etc. The R&D and Design departments pay close attention to these factors in the design of every Nissan vehicle. In 2005, Nissan started a project to create revolutionary car interiors that are easier to use, l track to the BUI (Best Usa bility Interior) concept car.Furthermore, in the development stage, Nissan designs their products to avoid using environmentally harmful substances in their construction and make them easier to recycle. Additionally, to concentrate the use of nonrenewable resources, they give consideration to the use of recycled plastics, other recycled materials, and renewable bio-materials. However, Nissan is also examining the first step of recycling plastic parts from end-of-life products and using this material for new products, searching for ways to overcome the technical challenge of maintaining tincture.At the present moment digital data is now mainly used in design development and the role of the clay model is to verify the data. However, no matter how advanced the digital technology, such as virtual touchableity, may be in the future, cars leave behind continue to be used in the real world. It will not change. digital data is reproduced three-dimensionally and designers and modelers form attractive shapes and designs with their senses of eyes and hands. Human aesthesia continues to be essential to producing emotional designs. Competitive PrioritiesIn operations management one of the most important aspects when evaluating a business strategy or the productivity of a business process are the competitive priorities of the company. In 1984 Hayes and Wheelwright suggested that companies compete in the marketplace by virtue of cost, note, flexibility, and lead-time (Institute for manufacturing. University of Cambridge). Cost Some of the aspects that are involved in this classification are Manufacturing cost. Value added. Selling price. Running cost cost of charge the product running. Service cost cost of servicing the product. Profit. Nissan approach cost control in Japan utilizing target costing principles that shares some of the elements of just such a strategic approach, but its transplant operations create distinctive problems for cost control. To expla in briefly this point we can quote Nissan Motor society U. K, which was sequel in study by Chris Carr and Julia Ng nearly Total cost control Nissan and its U. K supplier partnerships.This case, in order to analyze the major capital budgeting decisions, the Director of the U. K Finance subtle that Nissan likewise emphasized strategic rather than economic factors, and that this had also been the case in the parent companys original decision to invest in the U. K. The following chart show how Nissan Motor Manufacturing U. K controlling their costs from the raw material is gotten. Mission and Strategy The mission of Nissan Motor Company to meliorate lives with measurable value begins with a Customer Promise that guides employee actions and decisions.Nissan provides unique and innovative automotive products and services that deliver superior measurable values to all stakeholders* in alliance with Renault. Nissan Power 88 identifies six strategies as levers we will use to achieve res ults according to plan. Pillar 1 Brand power To strengthen Nissans grime power, we will expand our strengths in engineering and production to the sales, marketing and ownership experience. We will also found the level of interaction with our customers to create a orld-class standard of service that will help us build lasting relationships with every Nissan and Infiniti vehicle customer. We recognize that having a stronger brand will help close gaps with our covering competitors in every measurable area, from revenue generation to overall opinion and purchase intention. Pillar 2 Sales power Sales power in the mid-term plan refers to fully grasping the needs of customers in each market and drastically raising sales volume and market share. Nissan currently has 6,000 major points of sales globally. We will expand our retail network to 7,500 outlets in the mid-term plan period.Nissan is now the leading Japanese brand in China, Russia and Mexico and is on track to become the largest v olume Asian brand in Europe by fiscal 2016. We are focusing our efforts to boost sales power in Japan and the United States, as well as in the ASEAN region. Pillar 3 Enhancing character reference Nissan aims to make steady progress in improving product quality. During Nissan Power 88, our aim is to raise Nissan into the go on group of global automakers in product quality and to elevate Infiniti to leadership status among peer luxury products by fiscal 2016. Pillar 4 Zero-emission leadershipNo other global automaker is as engaged in comprehensive activities to advance the entire system needed to make sustainable mobility a reality. Nissan is taking a leadership role in every aspect, from the development of batteries, chargers and a vehicle lineup to electric grid studies, battery recycling and the use of batteries for energy storage. In 2011, Nissan will take the lead as the all-time volume leader in give electric vehicle sales. The Renault-Nissan Alliance is bringing seven more a ll-electric models to follow the successful launch of the Nissan LEAF. TheAlliance intends to present 1. 5 million electric vehicles on roads worldwide by 2016. Nissans emphasis on sustainable mobility also encompasses the range of low-carbon and lowemission technologies that support PURE DRIVE. For example, our proprietary hybrid technology will be tailored to future Nissan and Infiniti models, and our next-generation Xtronic Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) will increase fuel efficiency in future Nissan vehicles and maintain our status as the global leader in CVT technology. Pillar 5 Business expansion In 1999, Nissans global market share was 4. %. In 2010, Nissan achieved a record 5. 8%. For fiscal 2016, we are targeting a global share of 8%, supported by a steady tempo of a new product launch on average every six weeks, a continued focus on growth markets, and the expansion of our Infiniti and light commercial vehicle businesses. We will concentrate on increasing our pr esence in Brazil, India and Russia, as well as in the next wave of emerging markets, including the ASEAN 5-Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Nissan is the top Japanese car maker in China with a 6. % market share, and China will continue to be Nissans largest single global market into the plan. In 2012, we will have nearly doubled our production mental ability, to 1. 2 million units, and we will further increase our capacity to be in line with our finish of 10% market share. With our partner Dong Feng, we will continue to invest in more products and dealers and together build our new local brand, Venucia. In North America, we will invest to expand our manufacturing capacity and persist in our number-one position in Mexico, where Nissan leads the market with a 23. 1% share.In Brazil, where we have 1. 2% market share, we target a minimum of 5% market share. We will build a new plant in Brazil, with a capacity of 200,000 units as a first step. In Europe, Nis san will become the largest volume Asian brand. In Russia, we aim to increase Nissans market share to 7% by 2016. In India, we will add quin new models to be built in the new Alliance plant in Chennai, and we will continue to expand our dealer network. In ASEAN, Nissan Motor Thailand now serves as a strategic industrial base and export hub, and we are concentrating on growth in Indonesia.We are increasing the annual production capacity of our plant near Jakarta from 50,000 to 100,000 units to meet local demand. We aim to increase our share in the ASEAN 5 from 5% today to 15% by 2016. Pillar 6 Cost leadership Since we implemented the Nissan revivification Plan, we have been successful in reducing costs by 5% annually, due mainly to cross-functional monozukuri activities involving our supplier base. As our production footprint is increasingly global, we will maintain this pace by enhancing and deepening these activities in every Nissan production base across the regions, particularl y in North America, China, India and Russia.By increasing the use of transferral/carry-across parts and systems, we will further boost overall platform efficiency. Platform and product synergies will be developed with all our partners, especially in small and medium vehicle segments. And with the additional growth in volume, we expect to realize greater cost efficiency. Evaluating not only purchased parts but also logistics and in-house costs, we have set an neutral to reduce the total cost by 5% each year. In Japan, we will raise our yen revenue through increased vehicle sales and reduce our yen-based costs through greater localization of parts supply to overseas plants.Enhancing our monozukuri activities in Japan and across the regions is key to our cost-reduction efforts. Through these activities, we will maintain our commitment to produce 1 million vehicles per year in Japan. Leveraging mate Strengths Nissans performance will be call downd by leveraging 12 years of successfu l collaboration within the Renault-Nissan Alliance and its 5 established and productive partnerships. Through the Alliances strategic cooperation with Daimler, Nissan will benefit from diesel engine engine and power train technologies, including a supply of Mercedes-Benz engines for Infiniti vehicles.With AvtoVAZ in Russia, the Alliance will take a 40% share in the Russian market, with investments in products and localized manufacturing and sourcing. Our partnership with Dong Feng is critical to our attain 10% market share in China. With Ashok-Leyland in India, Nissan has a partner in the development and manufacture of light commercial vehicles. And with Mitsubishi, we expanded the scope of our cooperation to develop a new mini car joint venture. The Right Plan for Nissans FutureIn the global automotive industry, Nissan leads in zero-emission mobility, we lead in many emerging markets and we lead in the number of stable, productive partnerships we have established to improve our competitive position. Going forward, our aim is to enhance our brand power, sales power and the quality of our products and services and to continue to lead the way in pass on sustainable mobility and mobility for all. This is what Nissan Power 88 is about, and we are eager to get started and to deliver the full potential of this company. spherical operation StrategyNissan Motors global strategy involves its aim to become an industry leader in zero-emission vehicles and to cultivate evolution markets with low-cost global cars. As part of zero-emission environmental friendly vehicles, it would be beginning with the launching of the new electric vehicles (EVs) which would be powered by advanced lithium-ion batteries to be jointly developed with electronic maker NEC Corp. The EV to be introduced will have a unique body style on an all-new vehicle platform which would be compact for the city, yet big sufficient to carry five adults.Importantly, it will be thoroughly usable with bris k performance and a range of 160 kms. It will have the performance of a typical 1. 6-litre petrol-engine car while recharging from a high voltage source will restore 80 per cent of the battery capacity in around 30 minutes. The company with its alliance partner Renault, which holds 44% stake in it, has been developing partnerships with various governments and specialist companies to build a sustainable mobility network and create public awareness towards EVs as its preparing for marketing them on a mass scale.Various agreement has been signed with electricity companies, charging station suppliers and governments to promote the concept of zero emission mobility and provide understructure support, guile legislation or offer incentives such as tax relief, parking or toll rebates for EV buyers (Source The Japan Times online, May 14, 2008). Cultivating developing markets with low-cost global cars, Nissan is globally launching its new small car on a fresh global platform.The commonali ty global platform strategy is part of Nissans endeavour to produce a host of cars, be it hatchbacks or sedans, across five countries in which indeed far India, China and Thailand have been identified as key manufacturing locations. The new small car, touted as a replacing for the Micra, will first go into production in Thailand with shipping out key components from India and then later on the production would be from India. Planning and Management Project We set out to first help Nissan define meaningful and measurable objectives for the project.The rollouts objectives were to 1 Deliver a consistent Nissan brand hear at all dealerships 2 implement a cost effective program that supports procession in the business operations of Nissan and the dealer 3 continually improve the program of work beingness delivered 4 proactively manage each project to ensure completed schemes complied with defined standards Build a high performing team The project entailed working with and managing 6 00 individual teams thousands of stakeholders including dealers, local architects, general contractors, subcontractors and materials suppliers.A central Core police squad and a Programme Management Office inside Nissan headquarters supported Regional Project Managers in the airfield. We then implemented communication systems to trance learning and build a team of informed, committed stakeholders. actively manage communications Although communication management was complex due to the geographic diversity and numerous stakeholders, actively collecting and disseminating consistent data ensured that stakeholders had the detail they needed to make quick and informed decisions, whenever the situation required.We open(a) a digital listening center in Chennai to listen for all the Internet chatter about Nissan or Infiniti, sorting it into categories, and allowing us to react to the real and instantaneous voice of the customer. If someone tweets something about Nissan, were listening, a nd hopefully well react to that. The quicker the reaction, the more you can reinforce that the Brand is very trustful. Balance flexibility and control Due to the varying locations, codes and construction practices, Nissans rebrand had to be flexible but consistent.A customised programme infrastructure unified the initiative into Nissans other business processes, importantly improving scope control in the end we reduced the number of change requests and variances by nearly 20 percent. Use information and innovation to reduce costs To keep the utmost control of costs we developed tools and strategies to tailor our knowledge to this specific programme. For example, an NREDI facility cost calculator was developed to provide a way for people without a cost estimating range to produce quick and reliable NREDI cost stimates, while a bespoke system was developed to capture projected and actual costs from the construction industry and individual projects. Active value engineering enabled us to reduce the cost of construction from the original prototype design by 20 percent without compromising the brand appearance, and we maintained a net construction cost at 2002 price levels for over five years despite inflationary pressures of around 20 percent in that time. Workshops with team members also generated over 100 ideas to improve the value and quality of the programme.These insights contributed to an additional $40 million real cost nest egg over the life of the programme. In fiscal year 2012, the firm will introduce 15 new technologies. Examples of new technologies are as following. Multi-Sensing System which is built on the Around View Monitor image processing technology is now advanced to detect moving objects and notify the driver. Next generation XTRONIC CVT. Nissan is the recognised global leader in CVTs and this latest generation provides a fuel-economy benefit of up to 10% compared to the current model.We are introducing a large number of innovative tech nologies. Actively manage quality The NREDI design contained a number of complex components and new products. Through the development of benchmarking documents and active quality control checks we had very hardly a(prenominal) issues with the facility branded products. Not to have had recalls or other serious product issues on a programme of this size and duration was an unusual accomplishment. We also developed a range of benchmarking guidance documents which chop-chop educated contractors on quality standards and know-how for new products, to further mitigate quality problems.Keep a close eye on the entire supply chain A particular issue for this programme was the maintenance of a robust supply chain. We developed a three tier supply chain system, using unwrap contracting strategies and tools to deliver a flexible solution. The system was tested in 2009, when Nissans signage supplier (with a portfolio of around 200 active projects) filed for bankruptcy. Activating our contingen cy plan, the team worked with Nissans procurement and legal teams to move to the emergency without major cost implications, delays or adverse effect on individual deals.Quality of Products Product quality is what allows customers to drive their cars in comfort and with peace of mind over a long period. To enable real improvements in product quality, not only design phase and production phase, but also through robust partnership with suppliers, Nissan is improving its quality component by component. Nissan conducts follow-up inspections on vehicles that have been in the market for several years to gauge their durability. Reinforce both design and production to cut the number of faults occurring within three months of purchase.Upgrading design quality Cars have a vast number of parts. About 65 percent of them have zero defects in the past, and from remaining 35 percent have caused problems. Enhancing design quality before production begins is one crucial way to increase the percenta ge of products without problems to the maximum level. Increasing the preciseness of components in the design diagram raises the quality of those that go into mass production. Nissan uses a method called design freshen (DR) to develop higher-quality parts.During the DR process, design experts work together to review the potential risks for each parts, and devise ways to stay fresh problems proactively. Nissan has adopted a new DR method that allows quicker and more high-fidelity design inspections. This has extensively expanded the DR area, and bolstered the development of more problem-free parts. Certified personnel conduct these quick DR sessions. The number of people with this certification has been gradually increasing worldwide, so we are better able to apply DR to numerous parts. Pushing production quality higherPrecision testing equipment is an integral part of the production process at every Nissan plant and production line. Digital technology, such as laser measurement, is used to verify precision assembly and paint condition, which are then evaluated through road testing. Our environmental test chambers can accurately reproduce subtle regional differences in temperature extremes of and road conditions. This enables us to scrupulously safeguard against problems flowing out of the factory. To produce problem-free parts, we carry out inspections at the design diagram stage.So that we never overlook even the slightest vibration, every parts used in every model undergoes immediate testing. The Weatherproof vibrator can be calibrated to simulate various temperature and road surface conditions. By testing here, we can proactively prevent road noise and other problems different madcap environments can create. Cutting the defect rate with these preferred suppliers Nissans network of parts suppliers is expanding throughout the world. To ensure that we constantly receive quality parts from them, we apply rankings to each supplier and deal only with the one s that maintain a certain ranking.Nissan is working with these preferred suppliers to cut the defect rate. * How Nissan ensures quality assurance together with our suppliers. Using quick response to cut the breakdown ratio A breakdown is a malfunction serious enough to persuade the driver to stop and call for road service assistance. In many cases the car cannot be driven at all. In other instances, the car may be drivable but doing so would be unwise, such as having a window that will not close properly when the weather is exceedingly cold. The breakdown ratio in Japan is low, and it is also declining worldwide.In Europe, however, where many people drive for long distances or keep cars for a long time, breakdowns are a serious problem. In 2008, Nissan set up tilt Quality Teams in Germany, France, the U. K. , Spain and Russia to monitor these breakdowns. Within twenty minutes of receiving a report of a breakdown, the Nissan team in the country is dispatched to the site to deal wi th the problem. The causes and remedies of breakdowns that occur in Europe are immediately incorporated into Nissan car designs worldwide, further reducing the breakdown ratio of Nissan vehicles.Quick response has cut the countermeasure time for defect parts. When a Nissan customers car has to undergo repairs or needs parts replaced, we probe the cause to prevent similar problems. In addition to using improved parts at the factory, we also have to supply the market with replacement parts. We established a system to radically reduce the time from preparing the defect parts to collecing them. Even when the defect rate is low or the causes are difficult to probe, this allows us to resolve problems at an early stage.Nissans eye socket Quality Centers operate flat-out to deal with the following * Defects that occur within three months after a car is purchased * Defect ratio of components obtained from suppliers * Breakdown ratio * The time between when a defect occurs in the field until replacement parts are developed. The above all have one thing in common they are handled by our Field Quality Centers (FQCs). Three of these centers were established in 2007 in Japan, the U. S. and Europe to react more rapidly to problems occurring in the field, and FQCs are expanding more and more In other regions.Defect parts are collected from the market quickly and in quantities as large as possible. Nissan design and production rung work with representatives from our suppliers to probe the cause of the problems and come up with solutions. We plan to expand this type of joint synopsis into defect parts. * Field Quality Centers-the mecca of quality improvement At a Field Quality Center, Nissan design and production staff and supplier representatives investigate the cause together and work out countermeasures. Just in Time (JIT)There are 3 principles of JIT systems that involve a manufacturing process, which are waste minimization and elimination, total quality control and inv olvement of people. Under this concept, Nissan decided implement a new system to fabric the products (in this case vehicles) in a plant in Smyrna, TN. This system was designed to synchronize output, establish a standardised work pace and monitor equipment conditions while continuously storing production data because Nissan had as main objective synchronizing flow, JIT manufacturing and optimizing production.With a just-in-time approach, specific vehicles and their components are produced just-in-time to meet the demand for them. Sub-assemblies move into the final assembly plant just as final assemblers are ready to work on them, components arrive just in time to be installed, and so on. In this way, the amount of cash tied up in stocks and in work-in-progress is kept to a minimum, as is the amount of space devoted to costly warehousing rather than to revenue-generating production. Nissans just-in-time process depends not on human frailty but on machine precision. Every vehicle is m onitored mechanically throughout each stage of production.A transponder attached to the chassis leg contains all of a vehicles production data e. g. its required colour, specification and trim. This triggers sensors at various points along the production line thus updating the records. When, for example, the transponder sends a message to the production system at a supplying company to produce a seat in a particular colour and trim, this triggers the relevant response and a seat to the required specification is produced. Further along the production line the specifically produced seat arrives to meet the vehicle to which it belongs just in time.Supply Chain Design and Control Supply Chain is highly dynamic department that deals with complex supply chains and responds to volatile demand patterns. The role of SCM is key for Nissan in securing supply to support demand, and ensuring we can deliver on our aim of having the RIGHT car, at the RIGHT time, in the RIGHT place for every custo mer and of course, at the RIGHT cost. SCM sits in between Manufacturing and Sales, and plays a pivotal role in balancing the often-conflicting drivers of Supply and Demand. Life in SCM is never dull.The roles include leading the supply planning for specific production sources, managing our inventory control processes, developing mid-term strategic progression of the supply chain, planning and implementing system and process developments, or dealing with the complexities of an increasingly complex parts supply chain. Nissan realized the benefits of an integrated supply chain and cute a system to * Reduce excess stock in the pipeline * Improve customer service by * Reducing the lead time between placing an order for a vehicle to its delivery * introduce an order from placement to delivery Provide direct access to manufacturing systems for dealers and distributors, enabling the provision of more accurate information Inventory control Nissan as a company that import and export produc ts and services around the world needs to be prepared to the demand that they drive. The inventory control is a vital tool to supply the whole chain of market because it meet demand, keep operations running, lead time (such as Nissan in Smyrna, Tennessee, that maintain low levels of inventory), hedge, quantity discount, and smoothing requirements. In Nissan there are no raw materials or works in progress stored as inventory.The only inventory that is kept is finished goods. One example of this can be the inventory for cars because they take a list of all the new and used cars that are in the system is printed out while a list from the Nissan Corporation is printed out as well. both print outs are compared and at the end, any adjustments are made in order to match the control from the corporation means, Nissan bases its production on demand showing the companys annual reports, and uses storages to facilitate the access to the inventory in each one of the plants of the corporation. F orecast We expect our global sales to reach 5,350,000 units, an increase of 10. %, which is another record level for Nissan. With a TIV assumption of 79,700,000 units, a 5. 3 % increase year-on-year, our global market share is expected to grow from 6. 4% to 6. 7%. During fiscal 2012, we will completely renew three of our large volume global models. The first was the new Altima which had been revealed at the New York International Auto demonstrate in April 2012. In total, we will launch ten all-new vehicles in fiscal 2012 including the Pathfinder, Sylphy/Sentra, NV350 and a long wheelbase transformation of the Infiniti M sedan. In Japan, Nissan plans to sell 690,000 units in fiscal 2012, which will be increase of 5. % from fiscal 2011. ordinal generation Cima was launched in April. In China, Nissan will get 1,350,000 units sales, 8. 3% sales volume growth in fiscal 2012. In addition to all-new Sylphy and our new Chinese local brand model, Venucia D50 were launched. Another Venucia model will be launched. In North America, Nissan assume 1,520,000 units sales, 8. 3% growth of sales volume from prior year. In Europe, Nissan will plan 1. 0% sales volume growth with 720,000 units sales. Nissan plan to grow up significantly in other regions. 29. 6% growth, 1,070,000 units sales is planned in other regions.