Milestones in Professional Nursing Essay

The origin of passkey organization was an important milestone in the culture of professional care for. In early period accommodate was viewed as an extension of motherhood, midwifery or religious duty (advance practice nursing, (Denisco S.M, 2nd edition, P.7),and this primary nursing was joke was carried out by the untrained people who just did it for room and board. embodiment here now nursing has grown to stage where we have DNP programs, shelter scientist, and many much advance practice mathematical functions.. While looking to this development of nursing through the years in spite of strong reverse from the medical community nursing has gown and I believe the role of professional organization has been spectacularThe professional education created human mobility, more and more women came to nursing education this upward human mobilization helped a to argue for profession. And also collective efforts from these professionally educated nurses increase the indicant and pr ovided a place for nursing in professional group benevolent beings have a tendency to congregate, talk among themselves, and advocate for their causes. This has certainly occurred in nursing as evidenced by the breadth and depth of the different nursing groups that seek to enhance the work of nurses generally and in their specialness areas. There are over a hundred national nursing joinings and many other international organizations. The website, Nursing Organization Links (NOL, 2011), states a web-based list of organizations. Among those hundreds of organization two of them need special emphasis, American nurses connector (ANA) and National league of nursing (NLN)The first nursing organization was American society of superintendent of training school (1893) they fought for uniform standard for nursing education and training and this society later became national league of nursing.The watercourse ANA (1911)who is fighting for the rights of nurses representing 1.9 million nurse s in USA, was originally formed as association of trained nurses of USA and Canada(1898).ANA worked hard to define the code of ethics for nurses, for the favorable policy as well to define the scope and practice of nursing. statute via licensure was an early major milestone in ensuring patient safety and flavour of nurses. Moreover they played racy role in professional rise by fostering high standard of nursing care, promotion of nurses rights at work place, projecting nurses roles in public health improvement, negotiate with the law makers, played a vital role in generating the energy, flow of ideas, and proactive work needed to maintain a healthy profession that advocates for the needs of its clients and nurses, and the trust of society.

Andrew Jackson DBQ Essay

capital of Mississippi was a man of many faces, and many of his views were not egalitarian. First, Jackson was not democratic for frugal reasons, such as the fix veto. Second, Jackson was not democratic for political reasons, such as implementing the Spoils system. Third, Jackson was not democratic for social reasons, such as being pro- slavery. Jacksonian views are not democratic.First, Jackson was not democratic for political reasons. During his establishment many of his actions were viewed as tyrannical and his behavior reflected that of a king or else than of a president. One person drew a cartoon of Jackson, where he is wearing a crown, holding a scepter in his hand, and trampling on the Constitution (Doc 11). This represents that people saw Andrew Jackson as superpower Andrew because he did whatever he wanted and acted like a authoritarian by disobeying the Constitution. Another example was when Jackson implemented the Spoils System, which was when the President plant h is supporters with government jobs. Jackson argued that there arent many major qualifications obligatory for government jobs and that anyone can do it (Doc 4). However, opponents of Jackson considered him a tyrant because he replaced experienced politicians with illiterate farmers who had no political experience just because they back up his campaign. Jackson was not democratic for many political reasons.Second, Jackson was not democratic for economic reasons. To start, Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the fall in States. He claimed that he was protecting the democracy from corruption but in reality, he feared that the bankers would campaign against him. Jackson was a tyrant who destroyed the national bank for personal issues (Doc 8) and he was quoted as saying, The Bank is trying to killing me but I will kill it. Next, Jackson passed the Indian removal Act, which forced the Indians to move west. Even though the Indians did not want to permit their land s and move into unknown lands, Jackson forced them to (Doc 6). Jackson argued that the white settlers need the land and could make better use of it and could make the land much economically productive than the Indians had been ableto. Jackson was not democratic for these economic reasons.Third, Jackson was not a democratic president for social reasons. He did not believe in equality for all people. Jackson have a large number of slaves during his presidency (Doc 5). This shows how Jackson supported slavery and only equality when it referred to white males. Jackson also overlayed the essential Americans very poorly. Jackson believed that Native Americans were inferior to whites, and that it was not necessary to treat them fairly. He believed that Native Americans were children in need of guidance (Doc 10). He helped them by guiding them out of their lands and sending them on the Trail of Tears in which more than 4,000 Cherokee die of cold, hunger and disease. Jackson was not a d emocratic president due to many social reasons.

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott Essay

Little Women, create verbally by Louisa May Alcott, is a unused based on a family of four girls, Margargont Meg manifest, Josephine Jo march, Beth March, and Amy March, and of their family determine. Little Women demonstrates strong events based on some(prenominal) family values. The story of the March family is set in New England during the civil war. passim this point in time the little women ar to survive with divulge a spawn suppose, as their father has g iodin to fight in the war. Over long periods of time, the four March sisters had to face the fact that they were real poor and could non receive every thing that they wished for. As the March family stayed home awaiting the return of their father, they were very lucky to receive the fatherly keep back from an oldish, wealthy neighbour, Mr Laurence. Overtime the girls miscellanyed a tight bond with Mr Laurence and his grandson Laurie. As the March family continues done the hard times in life, they ar unholy by the friendship of family and friends.In the Novel the four sisters show that they are very unselfish and are capable of sharing what little things they shed with others. Even though the girls realise (Amy especially) that they are hapless p all overty and are not able to receive everything that they wish, they are very grateful for what they have. The March sisters tend not to make a fuss mainly because whilst their father is away life lowers tough with only a mother figure around. Not far away from here lies a poor old woman with a little new born baby.Six children are huddled into one bed to keep from freezing, for they have no fire. in that location is nothing to eat over there and the oldest boy came to tell me they were suffering hunger and cold. My girls, will you give them your breakfast as a Christmas familiarize? pg 20 In the chapter A merry Christmas this here is a abundant example of how generous the March family is even though the have so little themselves. The gir ls were very disappointed to give their food away plainly knew that there was a family suffering severely with reveal any food, so they firm to the right thing.In Little women the four March sisters show subjection by aspect out for severally other. Through the hardest times in life the girls manage to stick by each other and on the way on their journey they learn from their mistakes. Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy are not your familiar type of sisters who may fight a lot with one another. The girls infrequently have fights because they are so alike, they are so kind to one another and share anything they have for that is all that they do have.I let the sun go down on my anger I wouldnt forgive her, and today, if it hadnt been for Laurie it might have been too late How could I be so wicked? said Jo half aloud, as she leaned over her sister, softly stroking the wet hair scattered on the pillow. As if she heard, Amy opened her eyes, and held out her arms, with a smile that went straight to Jos heart. scalawag 115. Even though the girls make mistakes they learn from them and are persistent never to make that same mistake again. Through out the novel looking out for each other is a true family value and by doing this the girls manage through life a lot easier.Life becomes more than interesting when family and friends are together. Its not until later on in life when the March girls realise that their next door neighbours are not blotto and that they ought to become neighbourly with one another. It is here in the novel where all the sisters begin to loosen up and enjoy the new fellowship of the Laurence boy. At first the girls are a bit intimidated because they are embarrassed by the fact that they are so overmuch poorer to Laurie, further after first impressions the girls really begin to bond with Laurie and they form a tight friendship. We are not strangers, we are neighbours, and you neednt commemorate youd be a bother. We want to know you, and Ive been n erve-racking to do this ever so long. Page 70.Through the novel it is important to be able to have the love and support of friends and family so that it makes life easier through the difficult and depressing patches.In conclusion Marmee only wants best for her girls, but in her eyes this does not mean the wealthiest man that the girls can get their hands on this means, happiness and security from the one they tend to pretermit their rest of their lives with. Money is a needful and precious thing,-and, when well used, a noble thing,-but I never want you to think it is the first or only prize to strive for. Id rather insure you poor mens wives, if you were happy, beloved, contented, than queens on thrones, without self- respect and peace. If along the way the girls did not have one another and there values then Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy would struggle more then what they already do. Through out the novel family values are very important and are expressed in many ways, not only through family but close friends too. The March sisters go through life with the love and support of each other and share an amazing journey.

Benefits of Co-Curricular Activities Essay

Everyone knows intimately co-curricular. What some of us dont know or so curriculum is that curriculum is as a body of knowledge to be transmitted, it is alike as an attempt to achieve certain ends in scholarly persons product, sum total it is as a process and it is as praxis(Mark K. Smith 1996, 2000). It gave many benefits to a wide range of scholars and it whitethorn admirer them in many ways. It is as well a part of education where it is held outdoors or indoors. Co-curricular activities argon optional and pursued out placement the classroom to enrich the course syllabi. They are meant to accompaniment and not interfere with the studies. Some say that it is does intervene with studies but in that location are many researches which ground the benefits of co-curricular activities. This includes improving our health, increasing self motivating and build skills among students. Firstly, co-curricular activities ass improve our health mentally, psychologically, and emotio nally.It is good for our mental health because if we do exercise regularly, it regulates blood to the brain. Furthermore, it ass encourage the body to concede and also for our heart to pump the blood actively, not unaccompanied to the relate organs but especially the brain. The brain needs more capability when focusing on a specific task. Additional activities stimulate meet for both sides of the brains. Each side of the brain is responsible for processing distinct types of thoughts. Students in general are receptive to logical thinking during their studies, which is bear on by the left side of the brain. By doing outdoor activities, the brain shake off be stimulated to creative thinking, which is processed by the right side of the brain (Zimmer C., 2005). Healthy body leads to a healthy environment. The students pull up stakes be more comfortable work in a clean, fresh and wholesome environment, and students will take it to the state of mind subconsciously. A healthy framing leads to higher endurance.A well kn make fact is that muscle is strengthened with vigorous activities. These activities coffin nail build the potential for the body to sustain lasting periods of work and the end result is higher endurance. It shadow lead to a healthier mind. For example, outdoor activities expose the mind to a different environment. In other words, it whitethorn improve the state of mind to multiple scenarios and also broaden the scope of thinking because various activities may expose mind. As a result, it can help them to prevent a dull state of thinking. Exercise give instructiones students to channel emotions into productive activities. With stressful conditions and pressure arising from studies, students need a healthy way of discharging these emotions. For example problems faced by students such as in studies, it can be overcome by the activities that they swallow experienced and translateed from curriculum. More over, emotionally it may help s tudents releasing their tautness by making unseasoned friends.They also can share their problems, gip how to overcome it, learn how to cordialize and learn to be more confident. Activities that they conjugate do not serve as a temporary mismanagement for emotional problems. Conversely, it gives a total solution for emotional problems because curriculum can help divert a student from this harmful state. Secondly, it can help to raise self motivation, such as self expression, self self-assurance and self esteem. Self expression is a kind of motivation that can encourage students to express their thoughts. Students are in an environment to openly film their opinion generally. Co-curricular activities also encourage students to speak up and contribute to an active idea or topic. Students can revise, rethink and add to an existing outcome on hand.It also creates self confidence among students because it can teach students to check off between right or wrong. In 2004, it was fo und that the participation of students in co curricular activities was only 56 per cent of secondary schools students involve in uniformed units. (Chok Suat Ling, 2007).So, in these cases, to build confidence about benefits of co-curricular among students is sincerely important. It is because some situations may put the students in the wrong information about co- curricular activities but when they are already participate they will have the prospect to learn from these mistakes. Otherwise, self confidence can give the students the opportunity to have faith in others. sometimes responsibility is not delegated to the student, and in these cases the student must trust their colleagues. Besides, students will be motivated by having self esteem in their life. Self esteem can teach students to believe in themselves. Students will have confidence in their own choices especially when people dont trust them. It also can teach students not to fear or to be de-motivated by rejection.Student s will almost always face rejection, though they must not be provoked in these circumstances. Self respect teaches students to fully respect their termination and thoughts. When a student shows respect for choices they have made, others around them in give will also learn to respect them. It also encourage students not be second judging their own decisions. Most students face the quandary of second judging their choices, especially when the odds are against them. By doing co curriculum activities, students are encouraged to have faith in the choices they make. Thirdly, it can build the skills such as social skills, leading skills, and teamwork skills. In social skills, it gives students the opportunity to socialize with other peoples. For example, in outdoor activities, students are exposed to a larger crowd.Here they can mingle with their peers. Besides, it teaches students the basics of intercourse skills. Communication skills can teach student about networking and building con tacts. Students may meet people out of their circle of friends and learn to meet new people. Students are given the chance to lead groups. When groups are formed, a student may be given the chance to take responsibility as a leader. This is usually seen in group related activities. Students will learn how to take responsibility for their groups choices .When leading such groups, students knowledgeable to be liable for the groups actions, whether the outcome is good or bad. It can also teach students how to cooperate with one another when they are in a group. It is important for the members to get along and discover that working together is the key to success.For example, they will get a good presentment if they work with each other and also give their own opinions spell they have discussion. Finally, curricular activities may teach students how to compromise between ideas and suggestions. Sometimes a students contribution or idea may clash with a team members. Students must learn to give and take mistakes between group members. These skills may prepare a student practically in future especially when they work. In conclusion, co-curricular activities have been be to have much positive benefits for students in various aspects. Students not only gain benefits through these activities, but also amplify their self enthusiasm. Furthermore, it may also increase their range of lifelong skills, hence it is a defined must in a students life.

Delayed Gratification

The ability to discipline yourself to delay gratification in the mulct term in order to enjoy greater rewards in the farsighted term is the indispens equal to(p) pre-requisite for success. Brian Tracy, a self-help author who also makes presentations on leadership skills, sales topics, managerial effectiveness, and business strategy, is correct on the topic of decelerate gratification. According to Google Dictionary, delayed or deferred gratification is the ability to wait in order to concedement score something that one expects. This is what e genuinelyone should do so they can obtain what they want in the future, by working their hardest now.In the year 2010, young adults be having trouble grasping the idea of delayed gratification and if they beart know what delayed gratification is they get into problems that many tribe dont want to be in. People in high shoal must learn that delayed gratification will help them in the long run because if they do well in high civil izetime they will get into a good college and then get a good job, but it can also go the other federal agency too. If they do badly in high school they wont get into college, they will work a job that doesnt pay much and they will be unhappy because nobody respects them because they didnt go to college.This concept also ties in with materialism because many students want the latest and greatest in technology and other gadgets and when they start to tale over the amazing things they can get, they start to take their mind off of school and onto getting a job. If they get this job and forget closely school, they wont be able to do well in the future and then they wont be able to stomach by themselves, because they wont have enough money to pay the bills, because the job they got to get the gadget they wanted, was an instant gratification job or a job that will pay small money very quickly.According to two professors of the University of Washington, in 1998, of 1000 high school stu dents unaccompanied 457 of them stayed on track through all quartet years of high school and were on time for graduation. This means that over 50% of students dont do well in high school and mess up going into college, which also messes up their future. Four hundred thirty four of the 1000 dropped out, or transferred to a different school and 109 graduated later. These statistics maybe outdated but are still good to know close to them so we can learn from our mistakes. These statistics are very bad for students and thither is a way for them to ecome better and exceed in the future by also working hard now. Delayed gratification is a chic way to go if you want live a successful carriage in the future. Walter Mischel at Stanford University, conducted an experiment called, The Marshmallow Experiment. This experiment was done in the sixties and tested what kids would do if marshmallows were sitting on a table. The idea was to deliberate if the nipperren that could wait would de monstrate they had the ability to delay gratification and control impulse, two significant and important traits for attaining wealth and being financially successful.The experiment was a group of four-year-olds were given one marshmallow and promised a second one on the condition that they wait twenty minutes before eating the scratch one. Some children were able to wait and others could not. The researchers then followed the progress of each child into adolescence and demonstrated that those with the ability to wait were better adjusted and more dependable, and scored significantly higher on the Scholastic Aptitude Test years later. This shows that waiting is best and if you learn the ways of delayed gratification you can observe in lifespan.Delayed gratification is crucial to have a grand life in the future. If a person has learned delayed gratification and is able to apply it to their life, they will exceed in high school, exceed in college, get a superior job, and retire in good health. This is wherefore people should go by delayed gratification because not only will you be intelligent and will be able to spill about current topics easily, you will be respected by people you meet and have an easy life in the future.

Modern Educational System Essay

I decided to write about pedagogy system in Ukraine because I think it is very common problem and because Im a student as well. Educational system in Ukraine at the present stage is sufficiently complex and hard-to-reach for citizens. Despite the fact that officially command is considered to be free of charges on all levels for children, in existence p bents confront series of problems that argon non so easy to set with, unless they have certain savings of m hotshoty. So for example, parents are obliged to stockpile places in kindergartens even before the children are born.Because if you do not do this by the magazine your child is three years old on that point will be no more vacant place left. And of fall we must not forget that all institutions of preschool schoolings under one mind or anformer(a) demand financial contri neverthelession for various needs. The same range of problems is applied to school education with distinction that parents are laboured to purchase different teaching material on their own in many cases. Another very eventful subject matter is colligate to the field of physical activity for children and teenagers.It is well known that for everyone, who is nearly six-spot or seven years old, immovable pastime on the lessons for forty five legal proceeding is nearly a torture and fifteen minutes of break are not enough for proper progress and agreement of such a young and growing organism. But even in spite of this it makes no difference to us and we continue to insist on such unnatural methods doctrine of torment for our children. The question is why? Against the punctuate of this days schedule we are confronting the constant cases of childrens exploit and fatal outcomes.The structure of high education in Ukraine according to its ideology and goals corresponds to the structure of education in nigh developed countries of the world. It is very important that in March, 2005 Ukraine has joined the Bologna system and became an active participant of ontogenesis of the all-European space in the sphere of higher education. For today there are 951 higher educational institutions of different levels of accreditation in Ukraine which conduct preparation of do experts of more than 500 specialties.But even more difficult tasks are in prospect to be solved in the system of higher education, so as to adjust proximate planed dependence from demand and tenderize of experts in different spheres of activity. Nowadays in our country we experience draw of teachers, medical workers, and profile engineers in various sectors and in the same time we have overabundance of such professions as economists, lawyers and others. Its not a secret that education is not an exception, as well as other systems in our country, where we confront corruption.This issue is one of the most problematic and hard-to-solve for Ukrainian population. For example, Prime Minister of Ukraine N. Azarov has signed a decree of the Cabinet of Minist ers aimed at improving the quality of IT professionals, strengthening cooperation between business and education, bringing education to the needs of industry and labor market. One of the key barriers of IT industry maturement is lack of human resources. The level of IT graduates rarely meets the requirements of the labor market today. want of practical training, insufficient level of English proficiency, miss of skills working in the team all lead to the fact that only 25% of graduates are to work in IT industry and this is very low index. Most probable that we lost true value of the word education is educating, that means to require and give new image or character to people but not impose them with unlimited amount of knowledge and information that sometimes is not only interesting but unnecessary.English word education or Latin word educo in comparison with the Russian equivalent, introduce more precise definition of the notion we putting in this judgment by nurturing. It i s the purpose of education in every country cost increase new spiritual and moral generation this is our ultimate aim. One of the most vivid examples of such a high-quality education were times of imperial Russia in the middle of XVIII century, where upbringing of high level ecclesiastical and ethical patriots was not restricted by place of birth or nationality of the person.The biggest hallucination in our times is the false idea of scientific and technical progress. down the stairs the pretence of it specialization of each tendency narrows with every day. Workers of such a limited in profile become easy-to-handle manipulators and with their help it is possible to stick to almost every conception without their understanding and thinking into the truth. desegregation to another educational system, like most of European countries, the tests structure, leads to these consequences.As specialists themselves say, one of the most serious problems of integration of the Ukrainian sy stem of education in the Bologna process is unawareness of officials of the current situation in the Ukrainian and European education, as well as the objectives of the Bologna process. The system of education in the former USSR was considered to be one of the best in the world. It was not declared by other countries by variety of reasons some of the briny ones were political convictions and disinclination to recognize its effectiveness in every way.

Evaluate a Range of Ways to Embed Elements of Functional Skills in Your Specialist Area.

Evaluate a range of ways to ingraft elements of working(a) Skills in your specialist area. available skills are in the buff qualifications developed to allow people to conduct themselves in a confident and independent manner in life. They are hardheaded skills in literacy, numeracy and information communication technology that provide essential friendship and understanding. The language courses in my case Italian are aimed at turn reveal the knowledge of different people cultures and their ways of expression within participation groups and as such embedding operable skills helps to develop intelligence, attitude and behavior in individually individual.These skills allow individuals to make a positive contribution to the companionship in which they live and work by laying the foundations for development in any further education or training. The language courses incorporate literacy skills through the introduction of the grammar. The prentices need to understand grammar well enough to pick out the right words when they are required to do a translation. harmonise to my experience it is a very proficient exercise to pick an obligate from a magazine or a newspaper and ask each learner to read it out loud and have it translated into the target language.In this way the principles of knowledge, comprehension and application are put into practice. Another effective exercise after part be done by asking the learner to change the verbs in the article from simple present to simple ancient or to future tense and have them translated into the target language. The language courses to a fault embed some mathematical concepts. An example could be by teaching numbers with cube and make the learners say the sums once the dice are thr experience or write on the whiteboard some arithmetical expressions including addition, subtraction, division, multiplication (e. g. 0 + 2 6 x 5 ) and ask the learner to make the calculation. Learners are expected to do some homework on the subjects taught and discussed in class. The homework form containing questions, quizzes, and sentences with gaps to be filled is emailed to each of them. This forget be completed in computerised format and in this way the functional skill of information and communication technology is incorporated. Another way to embed ICT skills in the session is encouraging the learner to do a research using the internet about a cultural event or a geographic area of the country of interest.Things that could develop my skills in embedding utilitarian Skills in my teaching are the use of some websites such as BBC Languages and Linguascope in my case which could provide some new learning activities that can be introduced in class use of DVDs to record some TV programs like news, cultural events and documentaries in the target language which could provide new subjects for communicaton and listening in class set activities that require students to check for their own and each oth ers learning errors and check for these myself .This can be fulfilled with active learning methods and enjoyable tasks like cards, role play, dice that create more participation , concentration and more cognitive engagement. Functional Skills an Introduction to Functional Skills 20 August 2008 (online) http//www. qca. org. uk/qca_6062. aspx G. Petty (2004) Teaching today. Nelson Thornes Ltd, Cheltenham

Hbs Case “Marriott Corporation: the Cost of Capital”

Marriott toilet Questions for HBS crusade Marriott Corporation The bell of p for individually oney 1)Are the four components of Marriotts financial st markgy consistent with its growth objective? In my opinion, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy are consistent with its growth objective. As we find in the case, the four components of Marriotts financial strategy Manage kind of than own hotel assets, Invest in projects that increase shareholder value, Optimize the physical exertion of debt in the great structure, and Repurchase undervalued shares are aligned with the growth objective.Marriott wants to live a premier growth community. This means aggressively developing earmark opportunities within our chosen lines of businesslodging, contract services, and related businesses. In from each one of these areas, their goal is to be the preferred employer, the preferred provider, and the close to profitable company. 2)How does Marriott phthisis its estimate of its price of cracking? Does this make sense? In the case is stated that Marriott required three inputs to determine the opportunity represent of hood debt capacity, debt cost, and equity cost consistent with the amount of debt.The cost of roof varied across the three component parts beca subprogram all three of the cost-of-capital inputs could differ for each variability. This is the most logical approach due to the fact that the projects related to a grouchy division should be evaluated using the divisions WACC rather than the fellowships WACC. 3)What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation? In order to calculate the WACC for Marriotts Corporation Im sack to determination the sideline formulas 1. Weighted Average Cost of Capital 2. Levered beta Marriotts structure D= 60% E=40% Marriotts corporate taxTc= 175. 9 / 398. 9 Tc=0. 441 Marriotts Pre-tax cost of debt Debt rate premium above political sympathies= 1. 30% U. S. governance Securities pertain place due date 30 years = 8. 95% Kd = 0. 0895 + 0. 013 Kd= 0. 1025 Marriotts after tax cost of equity Leverag. Tc asset BetaEq. Beta MARRIOTT 41%0. 4410. 7991. 11 MARRIOTT 60%0. 4410. 7991. 47 Ke = rf + Beta * (MRP) Rf=8. 95%(U. S. government activity Securities avocation Rate) MRP=7. 43%(Exhibit 5) Ke = 8. 95% + 1. 47 * ( 7. 43%) Ke=0. 20 WACC = (1 0. 44) * 0. 1025 * 60% + 0. 2 * 40% WACC=0. 1139 The Weighted Average Cost of Capital for Marriott Corporation is 11. 9% a)What risk deliver rate and risk premium did you economic consumption to calculate the cost of equity? gamble free rate 30 years Maturity U. S. politics Interest Rate (8. 95%) take a chance Premium Spread amongst S 500 Composite wagess and long U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) b)How did you bank bill Marriotts cost of debt? I metrical Marriotts cost of debt adding Marriotts debt rate premium above government (1. 30%) to the 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rates (8. 95%). 4)What type of investment fundss would you value using Marriotts WACC?I go away exercise Marriotts WACC to evaluate projects that do not refer to a wizard division. This can be projects that add are related to the whole company and affect each division. In example, a project related with stigmatisation that will increase Marriott overall reputation and value 5)If Marriott used a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business, what would happen to the company overtime? Using a single corporate hurdle rate for evaluating investment opportunities in each of its lines of business will lead to accept bad projects and reject profitable projects.In the case that the IRR of the return was slightly above Marriott WACC you would accept the divisions project although you office be operating bellow the divisions WACC and loosing money. 6)What is the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions of Marriott? In orde r to calculate the cost of capital for the lodging and restaurant divisions I will use the same formulas than in question 3. Hotels ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta HILTON HOTELS CORPORATION13. 30. 7614%0. 770. 697 HOLIDAY CORPORATION28. 81. 3579%1. 660. 435 LA QUINTA MOTOR INNS-6. 40. 8969%0. 170. 397 RAMADA INNS, INC. 11. 71. 3665%0. 50. 667 Average0. 549 Restaurants ReturnEq. BetaLeverageRevenuesAsset Beta church buildingS FRIED CHICKEN-3. 21. 454%0. 391. 417 COLLINS FOODS INTERNATIONAL20. 31. 4510%0. 571. 365 FRISCHS RESTAURANTS56. 90. 576%0. 140. 550 LUBYS CAFETERIAS (Operates cafeterias. ) 15. 10. 761%0. 230. 756 McDONALDS22. 50. 9423%4. 890. 805 WENDYS INTERNA TIONAL4. 61. 3221%1. 051. 149 Average1. 007 LodgingRestaurant D/V50. 0%75. 0% E/V50. 0%25. 0% Tc44%44% Kd10. 05%8. 70% Rf8. 95%6. 90% Rprem1. 10%1. 80% Ke15. 31%29. 74% Eq. Beta0. 8562. 696 Asset Beta0. 5491. 007 Rf8. 95%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%8. 47% Sales % from marrow41. 00%13. 00% WACC10. 6%11. 08% a)What riskles s rate and risk premium did you use in calculating the cost of equity for each division? Why did you choose these numbers? luck free rate Lodging division 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Is a long-term investment Risk Premium Lodging division Spread between S&P 500 Composite returns and long-term U. S. government bond returns between 1926-87 (7. 43%) Is a long term investment Risk free rate Restaurants division 1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) Is a short-term investment, and the next available cream is a 10 years rate which is too long.Risk Premium Restaurants division Spread between S&P 500 Composite returns and short-term U. S. Treasury bill returns between 1926-87 (8. 47%) Is a short-term investment, and I used a 1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate as the risk free rate. b)How did you measure the cost of debt for each division? Should the debt cost differ across divisions? Why? I calculated each divisions cost of debt a dding the divisions debt rate premium above government to the U. S. Government Interest Rates that scoop out represented the divisions behave. Risk free rate Lodging division 30 years Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (8. 95%) Risk free rate Restaurants division 1 year Maturity U. S. Government Interest Rate (6. 90%) The debt cost should differ across divisions because each one operate as independent business with different behavior. c)How did you measure the beta of each division? In order to measure the beta of each division, I got the average Asset Beta of the companies that where more sympathetic to the division, and I leverage it with the capital structure of the particular division. 7)What is the cost of capital for Marriotts contract services division?How can you estimate its equity cost of capital without publicly traded comparable companies? In order to calculate the cost of capital for the contract service division I will use most of the formulas I stated on questi on number three. Additionally, as we do not have data of similar companies that we can use to extract the contract service divisions Asset Beta, I will calculate the WACC for the contract service division using the following formula Marriotts Asset Beta = (Lodging Asset Beta * divisions % of total sales) + (Restaurants Asset Beta * divisions % of total sales) + ( stimulate services Asset Beta * divisions % of total sales)Cleaning the comparability in function of the Contract services Asset Beta, you find the Contract services Asset Beta. MarriottLodgingRestaurantContract Services D/V60. 0%50. 0%75. 0%60. 0% E/V40. 0%50. 0%25. 0%40. 0% Tc44%44%44%44% Kd10. 25%10. 05%8. 70%8. 30% Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% Rprem1. 30%1. 10%1. 80%1. 40% Ke19. 87%15. 31%29. 74%21. 91% Eq. Beta1. 4700. 8562. 6961. 772 Asset Beta0. 7990. 5491. 0070. 964 Rf8. 95%8. 95%6. 90%6. 90% EMRP7. 43%7. 43%8. 47%8. 47% TA %100. 00%41. 00%13. 00%46. 00% WACC11. 39%10. 46%11. 08%11. 55% The contract services WACC is 11. 55%

Speaking Out About Malt

Speaking Out round treat Case 8. 3 Page 404-405, clean-living Issues in Business The baptistery of Whitewater Brewing and bloody shame Davis touches upon several views and virtuous issues that atomic number 18 not particularally black or white. Case 8. 3 specifically deals with a chore called Whitewater Brewing Co. Whitewater Brewing, as its signalise sounds, is a manufacturer of alcoholic refreshments, look at its brands to various consumers. The hold in particular focuses upon a specific Whitewater product, provide.R afterward is being targeted to match other similar products that be bottled in a 40 snow leopard size of it. The unfortunate part is that these 40 ounce size refreshments are not only popular with inner-city teenagers but in the field of honor where Whitewater sells these 40 ounce products in that respect is already a community alcohol related problem. Whitewater is not in foreign territory, numerous other companies already submit sold similar pr oducts in the kindred area targeting the same clientele. More greatly due to its popularity this product produces level-headed revenue for Whitewater. pattern into this scenario an employee of Whitewater Brewing Co. , bloody shame Davis, an Associate Vice President. bloody shame has decided to notwithstanding her education and is attending a course at an go forthside school, with her married man who was pursuing his MBA. My intention is to try to jibe whether or not bloody shame or Whitewater were interest both(prenominal) ethical practices, determine why they do the choices they did, and to attempt to determine if on that point is any validity to their reasoning. bloody shame begins on the job(p) on a term project studying the making of vino and beer.Research shows bloody shame that several companies market products that are high alcohol based and sold at a really low defame point, and not considered a premium product, strictly to satisfy a specific market niche. As bloody shames investigations continue she begins to insert her give feelings and viewpoints into her findings and her paper cash in whizzs chips a reflection of her own(prenominal) viewpoints, and not takefully those of her employer. For the opposite side of the case Whitewater Brewing is basically craping handle it should trying to maximize profits for its shareholders merchandise products to satisfy consumer take.In this case, that need is a malted milk liquor sold in 40 ounce containers and targeted to specific customers. This is nothing new, as other businesses are already in this market. The one caveat here is that none of the companies markets their malt liquors chthonian their name almost to distance themselves from the negative social implications resulting from the sales of malt liquors, specifically to this target audience. Separately and apart neither bloody shame Davis or Whitewater marketing products would produce been a Case 6. 3 were it not for the fact bloody shame Davis IS an employee of Whitewater.More so it never would give birth bubbled to the surface had bloody shame Davis through what she did which was to ultimately write an article for a paper discussing her personal views on malt liquors wherein she dry lands, again her views, as to the social responsibilities of businesses that produce malt liquors. In stating her personal popular opinions bloody shame now has pitted herself again the views of the business. Because Marys article is viewed negatively by Whitewater, the chief operating officer of Whitewater fears the article set aside nominate a negative impact to profits and to the product(s) they sell.They also feel this could conk out to legislation that would ultimately result is direct product spill and loss of revenue. These would be fairly legitimate concerns for any business, in my opinion. So if a socially trusty beau monde produces bad products are they bad? i spate argue especially in the case of liq uor manufacturers that there is heavy investment to provide a product that is intended for good use and that they aggressively help to pass legislation helping to turn to those who use their products in a negative manner.So clean-livingly and ethically Whitewater, in my opinion, is doing what they are intended to do. Specifically they are trying to build up money, and to do so in an ethical manner. No play along corporation be wholly responsible, in e rattling circumstance (but in a specific few), for the immoral or unethical behavior of others utilizing their products. Ralph Jenkins, chief executive officer of Whitewater, writes to Mary Davis to express the companys views on her behavior and to ask her to commencement ceremony dupe all further comments (regarding her personal views on liquor production) with the business. Mary feels this to be an invasion of her well(p) to free patois.Additionally Mary informs Ralph Jenkins that she seeks to attend her article further an d even speak at an engagement about her views (personal ones). Mr. Jenkins remains adamant that Mary adhere to his requests further escalating things to state she nooky either comply or resign. So does Davis waste a moral right to free speech in the workplace, or can Whitewater determine the extent to her free speech? Also what would Daviss best caterpillar track ethical path be? The second is the easiest to dissolving agent so I will do that now. Davis could simply put resign, enabling her to champion her beliefs and become a martyr for her cause, as it were.As for the first question the answer is not a simple clear cut one, and ultimately will be an individual one. Currently there is already jural causality that allows companies to require employees not to act or speak disloyally. spend a penny the following case In Korb v. Raytheon, 574 N. E. 2d 370, 410 Mass. 581 (1991), Raytheon terminated Lawrence Korb after receiving complaints of his informal involvement in an anti -nuclear proliferation nonprofit copen as the Committee for guinea pig Security (CNS) and his advocacy of reduced defense spending.On February 26, 1986 The Washington take ran an article describing Korbs speech at a press conference held the twenty-four hour period prior as critical of increased defense spending. Following the military issue of the article, several military officials expressed their disapproval of Korbs comments. 77 Despite writing a letter of retraction which ran in The Washington Post, Raytheon terminated Korbs localize after it continued to receive Navy, Air Force, and Armed Services Committee objections. 78 In adjudicating Korbs claim of wrongful discharge, the dictatorial Judicial Court of Massachusetts fix no public policy prohibiting an employer from discharging an ineffective at-will employee. His claim under the verbalise Civil Rights Act was dismissed as well. In affirming the lower court of justices decision to dismiss, Justice Abrams wrote Al though Korb has a secured right to speak out on matters of public concern, and he has a right to express views with which Raytheon disagrees, he has no right to do so at Raytheons expense. 79 The above article shows one perspective of the courts on this matter. Furthermore Mary Davis needed to be sure her personal opinions could withstand the scrutiny of being challenged for slander, unless there was very strong specific data supporting her views. Despite Marys strong personal views, even if validated, she is in conflict by the very nature of working for Whitewater and having such strong personal views. She may clear chastely sound arguments about liquor products but she is ethically wrong then for working in the liquor industry.My view is that Marys intent, though ethically sound, is still less ethical than that of Whitewater. Mary attempts to unimportant butter spread the first amendment right to free speech across the board, when in fact Whitewater too has rights and expect ations within the first amendment. While Mary is entitled to do as she chooses outside of work there are limitations when her choices can have specific negative impacts to her employer. And for these impacts she can be held accountable legally, despite her moral righteousness.In conclusion there is no clear path to moral righteousness and ethical behavior. What I feel is important is that in the end we can do either in a manner that withstands legal implication (much of it already established) and exercise our own personal moral conviction in a manner that does not leave us conflicted. QUESTIONS FROM THE BOOK. 1. Do you say Mary Davis acted irresponsibly or disloyally? I dont believe at the time Mary Davis intended to act irresponsibly or disloyally however Mary should have thought more about the big picture and talked with her counsel first about her intentions.This is a oddly tough issue as this does touch upon the right to free speech. Depending upon what sort of agreement the company has with Mary would speak volumes as to her rights outside of work and expectations as to how she is anticipate face her company. Mary also should have known that media sensationalism is what they are in business for. Her views were liable for their interpretation and hence liable to be miscons rightful(a)d or mis-utilized as they were. Does Whitewater have a legitimate concern about her public speaking out on this issue?Marys concern is legitimate of that there is no doubt. However as an emissary of her company she is responsible both inside work and outside work to present an image of her company that is positive. Or she could choose to work elsewhere. If Mary were to choose her moral high ground and leave the company she would be commended for her actions that follow her beliefs. Does the company have a right to abridge her emancipation of expression? The company does have some right to abridge her freedom particularly if they have a company handbook which specifies their expectations (within reason).Marys views and activities outside of work have no real concern to her company but ethically Mary is working in an industry where serving liquor is the nature of business. These companies often display and rely on laws and policies to inflict rules regarding consumption and shout. That individuals abuse their products is really not completely their fault. Ethically they are trying to be responsible and they are after all in the business to sell and make a profit. 2. Is your answer to question 1 affected by whether you agree or disagree with the views Mary Davis expressed?I think for the zealots on either side of the spectrum individual views would impact whether they agreed or disagreed with Mary Davis. However, it is my belief that you need not side nor disagree with Mary to realize that her behavior and that of Whitewater brewing are dealing with ethical grey-haired matter. The company has rights as much as Mary does and each can make choices that would resolve this conflict. Mary can leave Whitewater and then no longer be under their scrutiny or Whitewater can have specific policies on expected behavior that reflects the company position.Communication is at the core of the problem. If either side had communicated among themselves could have avoided this situation and who knows perhaps Whitewater being community responsible may have given Mary a different tact to utilize that would have made her and Whitewater happy. 3. Should there be any limits on an employees freedom of expression? If not, why? If so, under what circumstances is a company justified in restricting an employees right to speak out? This is a tenuous issue as there are already some amendments to current laws of free speech.I understand that businesses have a right to understand viability and employee comments can adversely affect them. I think so long as there is clear communication up front about business policies regarding this and that they are commu nicated regularly and clearly then it becomes a buyer/employee beware situation. once more within reason individuals should still be able to express themselves particularly when there is no direct verbiage that is specific about a business. I am an opponent to a business screening by Facebook etc as what a person does on their time does not needs prove they would be bad at work.Statistics aside we all know you can make data to support whatever view you regard today. The bigger question is the legal one and companies basically in my opinion wield a heavy sword (meaning they have deep pockets for legal issues) to drive their views and challenge you to dispute them. So one question we should be asking is once hired by a business ar you now their property which can be used in any way, and discarded when no longer needed? After all, today one can be dismissed without cause, employee at will. Take for instance the following articlehttp//www. bs2. com/freespch. htm The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution establishes freedom of speech in the USA. there are several major limitations on this freedom Only the governing is prohibited from restricting speech. Private corporations are free to censor speech of their employees. idledom of speech is not absolute, even when organization regulation or law is concerned. Forexample, freedom of speech does not give one the right to commit perjury. See the beginning of my essay on infotorts for more examples. Since 1977, the U. S.Supreme Court has retreated from hold dearing freedom of speech even for government employees, as explained in my separate essay. Fundamentally, an at-will employee in the USA can be terminated at any time, and for any reason ornoreasonatall and the courts will not intervene to protect the ex-employee from allegedly unfair treatment by the employer. Courts have repeatedly recognized that anyreason includes a morallywrong or morallyreprehensible reason. Ihave briefly discussed the history o f at-will employment in the USA and criticism of this doctrine in a separate essay. The cabal of o legal protection for freedom of speech of employees of for-profit and non-profit corporations and other non-governmental employers, and the freedom of employers to terminate employment at any time, for any reason bureau that employees in private industry have no legal rights to freedom of speech. (end of article) The case presentation doesnt specify whether the newspaper article determine Mary Davis as an employee of Whitewater. Is that a relevant issue? Whether Mary Davis was determine or not is not necessarily relevant. Once stated, today there should be an assumption that someone, anyone, can ultimately determine ownership.This is especially true if the information is anything but verbal and has been recorded in any way, manner, or form. Does it matter what position in the company Mary Davis holds? To a point the fact that Mary Davis is high up in the corporate concatenation b ears a more significant impact. In a higher position Mary is more an emissary of the business and as such expected more to promote the business image. However despite her position as an employee of a business she is bound to the requirements of that business, especially once specified to her. Or she can choose to follow her sense of right and wrong and resign. . What do you think Mary Davis ought to do? Clearly Mary Davis should resign or fold to the demands of her thickening and refrain while employed by Whitewater from expressing her personal views on any liquor related issues. What moral considerations should she weigh? Mary simply needs to weigh what is important to her her work, money, job and family stability or her moral considerations and the hazard that she would need to shift employment in order to not have direct involvement in an industry she believes to be practicing unethical behavior. Does she have conflicting obligations?Mary does have conflicting obligations. If so what are they? They are her obligations to survival, money, job stability, employment, etc. On the other side is her obligation to her conscience and her moral beliefs, particularly the one that is contrary to the production and sale of malt liquor to individuals (specific individuals). 5. Is the company right to be worried about what Mary Davis writes or says, or is the board of directors exaggerating the potential harm to Whitewater of her discussing these issues? The company is completely right to be worried about Mary Davis.There is many a story about David and Goliath where a single individual toppled a business based upon their personal beliefs. 6. Assume a CEO like Ralph Jenkins is legitimately worried that an employee is making damaging statements about the company. How should the CEO handle the situation? My opinion is that the CEO would need to sit with the employee and state the business doctrine as it were. Next would be to ask open ended questions to see if there wa s an option where both needs could be met satisfactorily without any negative repercussions to either party involved. Is discharge or some sort of discipline called for?Initially, discharge or discipline may not be called for unless policies had been clearly stated beforehand. Should the company adopt a formal policy regarding employee speech? All companies should have formal policies regarding employee speech. further these should be communicated in plain simple language and reiterated yearly to ensure everyone remains cognizant of the policies. If so, what policy would you recommend? I recommend a policy that is developed with the individuals at all levels of the business to ensure varied concerns are addressed and the needs of the business (their viewpoint) is clearly understood.Works Cited Customer, A. Amazon. com Moral Issues in Business (9780495007173) William H. Shaw, Vincent Barry Books. Amazon. com Online Shopping for Electronics, Apparel, Computers, Books, DVDs & More. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. . First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. . Freedom of Speech. Dr. R. Standlers Professional Homepage. Web. 16 Jan. 2012. http//www. rbs2. com/freespch. htm.

Determined and Free Will Essay

At this point in my lifespan I believe there is a balance in how many of our choices ar determined and how many are rationalise. The things that are determined for us are factors like what we are natural into such as our ethnicity and social status. Also, if your parents are religious, you are raised beneath the influence of that religion. Most children embrace that faith as their own. These are life factors that you enkindle change eventually, only usually due to societal influences you die hard with these predetermined decisions. Certain determined things wont ever be able to be altered.The color of your skin, and how you are treated because of it, is determined by where we are placed in life. Whether we are born with a checkup condition or disorder is something we be in possession of no control over. Also, whether we have access to higher education or opportunity to move social classes. Many circumstances we dont have power over are situational. The detached will choi ces in our lives are day-to-day decisions that we make. However, these choices can have a major impact in our lives. I cerebrate there are many influences that can affect your loosen will, but the final decision lies in your own hands. You sink what social and face-to-face influences infiltrate your decision, and in that is power.Things like your faith and morals shape who you are, so to make a decision with absolutely no influence is non necessarily of your own free will. Free will is having a say in your own decisions, it doesnt matter what influences you unless you feel it limits you. I also believe that people differ in the amount of free will they have. The predetermined factors are generally the same for everyone, but the free choices are different. This is because people choose to let certain factors limit them, and others do not.If someone cares whether others judge him or her, they are less likely to decide to do something they really want if it is odd or embarrassing. Same regularity works if someone cares if their parents approve or not of their choices. These are limitations to your free will that you choose to adhere to.

Why Are Experiences of Stillness and Reflection (Meditation) Important to Buddhism?

Why argon develops of stillness and reflection ( conjecture) important to Buddhism? Meditation is a intellectual and physical course of action that a mortal uses to sever themselves from their plans and feelings in cast to become amply aware. It plays a conk pop in virtu all toldy all religions although some dont use the word supposition to describe their finicky meditative or reflective practice. Meditation does not al counselings suck a religious element. It is a natural representative of the human down and is increasingly utilise as a therapy for promoting good health and boosting the repellent system.Anyone who has tanged at a sunset or a beautiful scene and felt calm and inner joy, while their legal opinion becomes clear and their lore sharpens, has had a taste of the realm of hypothesis. Successful hypothesis inwardness exclusively organism not judging, not thinking, just being aware, at repose and living each(prenominal) moment as it unfolds. In Bud dhism the psyche meditating is not trying to get into a hypnotic state or take on angels or both other supernatural entity. Meditation involves the body and the head word.For Buddhistics this is particularly important as they want to avoid what they call duality and so their bureau of meditating must involve the body and the estimation as a adept entity. In the most general definition, hypothesis is a way of pickings control of the sound judgement so that it becomes peaceful and center oned, and the meditator becomes much aware. The purpose of meditation is to s overhaul the take heed rushing some in an aimless (or pull down a purposeful) stream of thoughts. People a lot say that the aim of meditation is to still the chief. There are a number of methods of meditating methods which pay heed been used for a hanker time and suck in been shown to work.People can debate on their own or in aggroups. Meditating in a group perhaps at a retreat called a sesshin or in a meditation mode or zendo has the benefit of reminding a mortal that they are both part of a larger Buddhist community, and part of the larger community of beings of all(prenominal) species. Meditation in Buddhism is a public figure of Bhavana, or self-development. The origins of Bhavana go back to ancient Indian spiritual exercises called Yoga. Hindu Yoga consists of 8 stages 1,2 Making a conscious effort not to malign others and to establish good relations with them. ,4 session postures and control of the breath. 5 Withdrawing the mind from external things and tone inwards. 6 Fixing the mind on a single determination or thought. 7,8 Meditation, allowing the mind to rise above ordinary though and be directly aware of reality. These were taken up and highly-developed by the Buddha. What Buddhists do when they meditate or worship may look very similar to the Hindu religion, however Buddhists do it in order to richen the particular Buddhist view of life. There are deu ce kinds of meditation Samatha and Vipassana meditation.Samatha meditation is translated as calm meditation or quiet meditation etc. Samatha meditation helps to control the mind and to become calm, so that the mind is focused upon a simple target area or idea. For example, if we have tendencies towards rapacity and selfishness we might take death as the idea to focus upon for meditation. We thus begin to see that everyone must die whatever they may be or do in their life. We will cons straight that greed is futile in the face of death and knowing this will introduce feelings of calm and dispassion in us.Samatha meditation is practised to attain deep closeness of the mind only. The purpose of Samatha meditation is to revolve almost the mind on this touching sensation or respiration. Whenever the mind goes out, the meditator brings it back on to the object of meditation, that is, the respiration or the touching sensation, be instance he wants to deeply concentrate the mind on a single object of meditation. When the mind goes out in Samatha meditation it must be brought back to the primary object, focusing the mind on the respiration. The Samatha meditator must not find the vagabondage thought or thinking mind.He need not sack up any wittiness or physicality. What he needs to do is attain deep assiduousness of mind on a single object, focusing the mind attentively, noting the in- and out- external respiration. When the Samatha meditator attains to price of admission concentration or to absorption concentration, when his mind is totally cloaked into the object of meditation, there is no amiable defilement in that concentrated mind. At that time the concentrated mind is purified from hindrances. This is called purification of mind because there is no greed, hatred, ignorance, conceit, jealousy and so on.So the meditator feels peaceful and happy. That is the benefit of Samatha meditation just when the mind is disengaged from the object of meditati on, the concentration is also broken and the mind goes to some(prenominal) incompatible objects. consequently many thoughts come into the mind. When the mind is defiled with greed, peevishness or ignorance the meditator does not feel happy or peaceful. He has suffering. The Samatha meditator enjoys slumber of mind while his mind is deeply concentrated on a single object of meditation. As long as the mind is absorbed in the object, he feels peaceful calm, tranquil and serene.One type of Samatha meditation that is suitable for everyone is where the subject of concentration is our own breath. The concentration of our own breathing includes feeling the air gently filling your lungs and then flowing out through the nostrils. As you concentrate on breathing you come to agnise the value of it because we depend on it for life. Breathing becomes more delicate, and it may plain happen that our breaths appear to stop our thoughts become less and less, and peace and comfort arise within us. Therefore it will bring calmness and a greater awareness of yourself and your physical body.There are many different possibilities of the ways to sit during meditation. The important thing is to feel comfortable and relaxed, simply also to be upright and alert. The classical meditation position is the genus Lotus position. This involves seance cross-legged with the leftover foot on top of the right thigh and the right foot on top of the left thigh. While it helps for the body to be alert, relaxed and stable, meditation is really about the mind and the inner bed. Posture is a support to that but most Buddhist traditions do not regard it as an end in itself.brahman Vihara means Sublime State and by meditating upon the brahmin Viharas a person develops feelings of sock, compassion, joy and peace towards all living things. The four-spot Sublime States are 1. Metta This is usually translated as loving kindness. In meditating upon metta, a person first of all wishes himself or herself well, and then spreads the positive and friendly thoughts outward towards all other beings. 2. Karuna This means active compassion understanding the disposition of suffering and sharing the suffering of others. 3.Mudita This is sym racetracketic joy in which the meditator shares the bliss of all other beings. 4. Upekkha This is a state of peace and serenity, in which, with a well-balanced mind, a person looks on all beings whether friendly or not with the same positive attitude of care and well-wishing. Meditating on the Brahma Viharas may take the fake of a visualisation. In the case of Metta Bhavana, or Meditation on Love, you would visualise the spreading of love from yourself to friends and family, to the community, and further on to the rest of the world.For the Brahma Viharas thought is action meditating on the spreading of love throughout the universe. The effect of meditating off the Brahma Viharas is like ripples on the heighten of water gradually spre ading outwards. Vipassana meditation is keenness meditation, it is realisation, seeing or right understanding. Vipassana meditation refers to a system of mental development that consists of looking inwards, looking at your mind as if you were an away(p) pr until nowtr. In this way the meditator can break through the predictable workings of the mind to see things as they really are.Vipassana meditation is practises to attain some amount of concentration and to realise these third characteristics, therefore removing all thoughts and to experience the ending of suffering. In Vipassana meditation, the purpose is to realise all mental states and physical touches in their true nature. In this concept, their true nature means the threesome characteristics which every mental state and physical process possesses. Any mental state or physical process may be the object of meditation. So the Vipassana meditator must not take only a single object but take many varieties of objects.The Vipa ssana meditation is an important step on the path to enlightenment. In fact, it follows from the seventh step of the Noble Eightfold Path, Right Mindfulness, whereas Samatha relates to the ordinal step, Right Effort. The Vipassana meditator follows the mind and observes it by making mental pedigrees of all the movements and consciousnesss they observe such as the rising and falling movement of the abdomen and the comprehend of a voice or of a distinctive sound. Due to these movements and sense they make posts within their mind, for example, when the abdomen rises the meditatior observes it, making a mental note rising.When the abdomen falls, the mediator observes it, making a mental note falling. The meditator does this for every movement for the abdomen and makes mental notes such as these for everything he observes. The meditator observes and follows the mind because the purpose of insight meditation is to realise the characteristics of any mental state or physical process. Therefore to realise the three characteristics of a wandering mind, but the meditator has to observe it as it is, making a mental note as wandering, wandering, thinking, thinking and so on until that thought has disappeared. further later it has disappeared should he return to the primary object, noting as usual. However, the Vipassana meditator needs to realise impermanence, suffering and the impersonal nature of the wandering, thinking mind. He must observe the wandering thoughts, the thinking mind as it really occurs, noting wandering, wandering, thinking, thinking, imagining, imagining. When you note these thoughts, your noting mind should be more attentive, more energetic and somewhat quick, so that it becomes more and more powerful, more so than the thinking process or the wandering process.When the noting mind becomes sharper, quicker and more powerful, it overwhelms the thinking mind or the thought process, which then stops in a short time. When the noting mind is weak, th en it is overwhelmed by the wandering mind. The noting mind is dragged along by the thinking process the thought process goes on and on and the meditator cant concentrate well. So to make the noting mind stronger, sharper and more powerful, the meditator notes the wandering, thinking mind more attentively, energetically and quickly. Then the thinking process stops and at that time the meditator notices thought doesnt last long.It arises and passes off. So here the arising and passing away of the thought is vaguely realised as impermanent, though not understandably realised. When concentration becomes deeper and deeper, the meditator comes to realise that these individual thoughts arise and pass away, one after another. A series of thoughts arises and passes away. Unless concentration is deep enough, the meditator is not able to realise it. The purpose is to realise these thoughts and their three characteristics. So, whatever thought arises in posing or walking, the meditator must n ote them attentively, energetically and more quickly.When thoughts are storied they become less and less, and concentration becomes deeper and deeper. If the thoughts are not noted, they increase and sometimes they persist a very long time. Then concentration is weak. In Vipassana meditation, the meditator concentrates the mind to a certain extent on many mental states or physical processes. Then he realises the true nature of mentality and physicality, their impermanent, suffering and impersonal nature. His mind is purified at that moment because he realises these three characteristics of mental states and physical processes.He realises it, not through theoretical acquaintance, not through learning scriptures but through his own personal experience of mental and physical experience, and this experience of the three characteristics is very deep and profound. This experience remains in the mind all the time though this insight knowledge of the three characteristics is also imperman ent, suffering and impersonal. It occurs and passes away. The force of this insight knowledge remains in the thought process, in the process of consciousness, which continues for life.Therefore even though the meditator leaves the meditation centre and goes home or back to work, he may sometimes recollect his meditative experiences of these three characteristics, and they appear in his mind as if he is realising them at that moment. Then the mind is purified and he feels peaceful and tranquil. The benefit of Vipassana meditation is not only in sitting but also in the whole life and the next life. Therefore it helps the mind to be purified at any time. Thats why the Vipassana meditator lives for peace to a certain extent.If he has deliver the goods any stage of enlightenment, the first stage, the min stage, the third stage or the fourth stage of enlightenment, if he has attained in any of these four, his mind is purer because some of the mental corruption have been uprooted by the path knowledge. He has lost some of the mental corruptions which cause suffering and he can live in peace and gladness to a certain extent. However, if he is able to attain all the four kinds of enlightenment, his mind is completely purified all the time and liberated from all kinds of mental corruptions.He will then live peacefully and happily. battery-acid is about living in the present with complete awareness. The word Zen is the Nipponese equivalent of the Chinese Chan, meaning meditation. However, we have seen that many different schools of Buddhism pose great emphasis on meditation as a means to enlightenment. All schools believe that all lot have the ability to be enlightened, just as all people have the ability to be angry or sad. Zen therefore says that enlightenment exists within all human beings all the time. The aim of Zen practice is to become aware of ones own enlightenment.This is called Satori. One important aspect of meditation is that it enables us to sit still and do nothing. It is said that the aim of Zen is not to aim. The meditation practice of Zen is called Za-zen, or sitting Zen. Sitting in the lotus position is very important, for it allows the meditator to breathe easily and slowly. He will put his hands into the dhyana-mudra and keep his eyes open. This makes them become fully in touch with the true nature of reality. Different schools of Zen do Za-zen in different ways Soto meditators face a wall, Rinzai meditators sit in a circle facing each other.Zen considers there to be five kinds of meditative practices which go deeper and deeper. 1. Bompu is a very superficial form of meditation. Bompu means ordinary. 2. Gedo refers especially to meditative practices of other religions. These practices may be useful, but do not lead to enlightenment. The word gedo means outside way. 3. Shojo refers to Theravada meditation. Mahayana Buddhists often call Theravada Hinayana or small vehicle because they do not consider it to be capable of lea ding all people to enlightenment. Shojo is used for the same reason. 4.Daijo is Japanese for Mahayana, or great vehicle, and refers to meditation which leads to enlightenment. 5. Saijojo is the purest form of daijo, the highest form of meditation. A Zen practitioner tries to experience each moment directly. They dont let thoughts, memories, fears or hopes get in the way. They practice being aware of everything they see, hear, feel, taste, and smell. For example when they eat they focus totally on the nourishment and on the act of eating and prevent any thoughts in their mind. In Zen Buddhism the purpose of meditation is to stop the mind rushing about in an aimless (or even a purposeful) stream of thoughts.People often say that the aim of meditation is to still the mind. Zen Buddhism offers a number of methods of meditation to people methods which have been used for a long time, and which have been shown to work. Zen Buddhists can meditate on their own or in groups. Meditating in a group perhaps at a retreat called a sesshin or in a meditation room or zendo has the benefit of reminding a person that they are both part of a larger Buddhist community, and part of the larger community of beings of every species.

Introduction To Ethics Essay

Ethics is the study of the nature of object lesson virtues and evaluates benevolent actions. Ethics come from agreements between people, duty considerations and considerations of the consequences of various actions we c solely(a) for ourselves into. Philosophical ethics is the study of morality through rational core guided in human well-being. The three subsections of philosophical ethics argon normative ethics-is the study of moral standards that makes us decide our actions as nip or wrong or good from bad. Meta-ethics is concerned with the meaning of respectable judgments that is responsible for the truth and validity of our actions.Meta-ethics assists us determine whether an conviction set up be applied to any situation at present or in future. It asks questions such as whats the meaning of ethical toll such as good and sort out, the motives for acting ethically, the nature of moral reason. employ Ethics is the application of moral school of thought to real-life si tuations that progress to been investigated in normative ethics and judged on the lessons of meta-ethics. According to Paul Newall article moral philosophy is divided into branches meta-ethics and normative ethics.The two have some differences according to how they ar applied in the day to day reallife situations. prescriptive ethics is concerned with ethical questions that guide us in all what we do on a daily such as What has nurture? and What are our moral covenants? such questions give us our character and witness(prenominal)ity. Meta-ethics on its side is concerned with philosophical questions about ethics such as What is evaluate? and What can make it the case that we ought to do something? . A personal ethical situation I experienced involved my neighbor who was caught theft neighbor at the market place.Since police officers were non around to keep back him the clique took the chance to bit and stone him in protest. Being a person I had known over a period of ti me, I felt ethically right to save his live from the swelling crush. At first, I had to stop the mob from spiny and stoning him, through dialogue. and my greatest fear was that the mob may turn and direct their fury towards me because I was protecting to protect a criminal who has been terrorizing them, moreover this did not happen since the crowd listened and accepted my request.In my opinion, it was ethically wrong for my neighbor to purloin what others had ethically through struggle and hard work. He consequently deserved to be punished, but the way the mob chose to punish the offender was totally unethical since the federal rectitudes and regulations that govern the state should be followed in such a case. Being a chuck up the spongee tricky situation, I requested the mob first to stop any still biting and stoning and took the chance to dialogue and discuss with them other possible ways of punishing the offender such as taking him to the law officers.The mob seemed no t to reason ethically at first because the police had in many cases fallen short of providing adequate security and the residents had no faith in them anymore. When I finally won them, I narrowed further to the issue of acting contrary to the state laws and the implications of their actions and even explained to them that the offender has right to live. The reason for this approach was that the mob seemed to have no moral standards and obligations to judge between good and bad.In many occasion, the mob makes wrong decisions but evaluates their action after an ffence has been committed, in this case the death of my neighbor. In my opinion their action was bad and could not be justified ethically, philosophically the mob morality was not rational and was not grounded in the notion of human happiness for both the accused ad the accusers. According to Newalls translation of normative ethics, several ethical questions essential be questioned by all the participants in the whole proces s. First, my neighbor should have analyzed whether his decision to steal had any moral obligation and any value.Such a personal question should have stopped him from making the decision to steal. His morals could have been provoked and changed of mind taking a decision to engage in a more productive activity rather than stealing. The mob as well should have questioned their morals before choosing their action. By stoning to toss off it implies that their morals were all wrong because it is moral wrong to hurt anyone. The law is very clear and precise on what should be done in such a case, but because they never followed the law their moral value are as well questionable.My action was guided by the value of life and that no one is supposed to take the law into their own hands by causing bodily harm to anybody. My moral obligation was to safe my neighbor because if I watched him stoned to death, my moral conscience and quit would haunt me because I should have acted to save him. In c onclusion, all our actions and decisions should be guided by our morals values and that normative ethics must always prevail in any action. We are supposed to to the full evaluate our actions and be ready to face the consequences of our actions.

Seven External Factors That Could Influence Business And Marketing Efforts

This paper exit follow a young blood as it stupefys the process of establishing itself in the level-headed world. There are several(prenominal) factors that communication channel essential consider before choosing what type of originations the job will become. In the case of this new company they have opted to become an S company. An outline of what lead to this decision will be discussed in-depth. In appendix the travel that were taken to complete this task. Business Scenario As the reality of the business begins, it becomes very clear that we essential start make the necessary steps to legalize the organization.The first step is to registering the business name. After registering Gentle Clean, we must make a decision on whether to become a locoweed or a partnership. The first thing that must be considered is making sure that the business is its profess entity. Its very important that the business and its affairs do non affect our personal lives. As tumefy as anythin g personal rolling over to the business. A LLC is seen as its witness legal entity and is treated as completely separate and distinct from its members.An LLC stool be sued, can sue, can enter into contracts, and be found apt(predicate) both civilly and criminally all on its own, separate from the members of the LLC. In addition a LLC can be member- or manager-managed, which determines who has authority to bear the LLC in contracts. A LCC can be tax incomeed as a partnership, resulting in the income being taxed to the partners own tax returns, or corporation, meaning it would be taxed as its own entity. C corporation and S corporation have bound liability protection for the owners, and each is seen as a separate legal entity from the owners.The main difference amongst the two is taxation. The C corporation files its own tax return, and while the S corporation must file bodied tax returns, it does not pay taxes at the corporate level. Rather, the profits of the corporation are passed through to the individual to the shareholders on their own individual tax returns. Reviewing the two options one point must be seriously reviewed. The bailiwick of taxation is of serious importance, and which way we proceed. Both an LLC and S corp and C corp are their own entities. Yet very different in other aspects.We must decide whether to pay taxes at a uphold level, or have the profits of the corporation are passed through to the individual to the shareholders on their own individual tax returns. Federal taxable income is between 15% and 35%, state and local taxes vary on income. Shareholders of intimately corporations are not taxed directly on corporate income, but must pay tax on dividends paid by the corporation. However, shareholders of S Corporations and rough-cut funds are taxed currently on corporate income, and do not pay tax on dividends.Since it will be several months if not years that the company will make a real profit. It would be in the best interest o f the company to file as an S corp. Thus allowing the company to be its own entity as well as establishing the company and protecting the interest of our product. With that being said we must welcome with a corporate attorney and file all necessary documents and begin the process of becoming an S corporation. Gentle Clean is now on its way to becoming a competitor in the world of fountain cleaning supplies.

Krispy kreme doughnuts, inc. Essay

This expression considers the sudden and very large drop in the market rate of equity for Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc., associated with a series of announcements made in 2004. Those announcements caused investors to revise their expectations astir(predicate) the future growth of Krispy Kreme, which had been one of the most rapidly growing Ameri elicit corporations in the new millennium. Your task is to evaluate the implications of those announcements and to assess the pecuniary wellness of the company. This case provides an early exercise in financial statement abbreviation and lays the foundation for two important financial themes the concept of financial health, and the financial-economic exposition of value and its determinants.Suggested Questions for Advance Assignment1.What are the definition and aspiration of an income statement, as shown in case border 1? What are the definition and purpose of a balance sheet as shown in case Exhibit 2? How are the two statements relat ed? In answering the questions above, cotton up some of the following accounting choices and sources of variation in reported results in (i) Cash and cash equivalents, (ii) Accounts receivables, (iii) Inventories, (iv) Property, plant, and equipment, (v) Goodwill and other intangibles, (vi) Revenues, and (vii) Expenses2.Are Krispy Kremes financial statements film? Does management have any discretion over how those accounts are estimated?3.What can the historical income statements (case Exhibit 1) and balance sheets (case Exhibit 2) tell you about the financial health and current condition of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.? Clues Discuss Krispy Kremes growth DuPont psychoanalysis liquidity, leverage, and profitability and peer comparisons (Refer case Exhibits 7, 8 and 9)4.How can financial ratios surpass your understanding of financial statements?5.Is Krispy Kreme financially healthy at year-end 2004? condition your assessment of Krispy Kremes health, why did its stock price drop b y 80% between 2003 and 2004?6.What is the source of intrinsic investment value in this company? Does this source appear on the financial statements?7.Review the events since the date of the case. dupe the companys Web site for updates on its financial culture (http//www.krispykreme.com).

People Living on the Continent of North America Suffer 9 Times More Chronic Fatigue and 31 Times More Chronic Depression

A recent study shows that stack living on the continent of due north America suffer 9 times to a gr run througher extent chronic run down and 31 times more chronic first than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asiatics, on average, eat 20 grams of soybean plant per day, whereas unification Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which gull been found to possess maladypreventing properties.Thus, North Americans should consider alimentation soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression. The purposes of this idea try to convince the audience that the people who argon living in North American continent should normally eat soy for preventing fatigue and depression. To support his proposal, he explains that, the fact of people, who are living in Asia continent, have average eating soy embody to 20 grams per day.The point is that in North America continent, no anyone eating. Neve rtheless, I still found that his reasons are inconvenience in the following aspects. scratch line of all, the writer indicates that number of people who are living in North America continent have suffer 9 times and 31 times more chronic fatigue and depression respectively than the Asian people. However, this statistic may be wrong. Static should depend on time interval. and this static dont specific time what year of investigate.For example, if you research while USA has economic problem, the value of fatigue and depression should high than Asia continent. Secondly, He expected that soy has phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease preventing properties. However, eating soy or non may be not the essential reasons. Sometime, it is style of living. For example, in most country in North America continent are urban while country in Asia almost are rural.So this is the make sense reason, which make static of fatigue and depression in North America has the value more than in Asia. Simply put, the argument offered by the writer is still weak. If he wants mitigate the credibility, he should provide more data, especially about when time of trace and other control variable like status of economic. If I have to assess this argument, I would need evidence when time of survey of chronic fatigue and depression and status of economic.

Green Mountain Coffee Case Study Essay

Conscientious capitalist economy unders center fields the importance of aligning stakeholders employees, customers, shareholders, suppliers, community, and the environment, interests into the companys decisions by re counsellinging on purpose instead of profit, which incident everyy results in a successful bottom line (Sacks, 2009). The operating philosophy of conscientious capitalism incorporates three assumptions interconnectedness, holistic wealth, and traversing time through multiple generations. Green hand Coffee Roasters (GMCR) has compound this ethical continuum into their operational strategy, which has led to their current success.interconnectedness GMCR embodies interconnectedness through their annual whirligig meetings that employ an Appreciative inquiry (AI) 4-D flummox and through their organizations cultural freight. At the summit meetings, multiple internal and external company stakeholders convene to strategically fancy for the future, assess stakeholder value and contributions to success, as well as reflect on company and industriousness historical trends, all which promote the controlling core of GMCR (Neville, 2008).Interconnectedness is also evident by the embodiment of GMCRs graduation five core beliefs a conkion for coffee (recreating Stillers first experience of the perfect cup of coffee), financial performance, a destination workplace, ethics, and commitment to social responsibility (Neville, 2008). By engaging the stakeholders, especially with annual trips to the communication channel, GMCR creates a unified allegiance to social and ethical responsibility that produces positive ethical and financial outcomes for the company. Holistic wealthGMCR epitomizes holistic wealth in the form of value-based management (VBM), which can be defined as an integrated management control system that measures, encourages, and supports the creation of profits worth beyond capital accumulation and profit (Beck & Britzelmaier, 2011). One way th at GMCR uses VBM to create net worth is through flexible cash flow models provided to coffee farmers. The model entails providing interest-free pecuniary resources to coffee growers preceding the harvest, which secures perpetual payments for the suppliers, invariable income for the farmers family, and an uninterrupted coffee flow for GMCR (Neville, 2008).Another example of VBM is GMCRs recitation of Fair Trade initiatives and family farming contracts that employ direct buying agreements granting farmers unclouded prices for their crops. By employing these types of social standards as a tradeoff for long-term sustainability, GMCR makes all stakeholders feel valued, which in turn increases their passion for productivity and subsequently GMCRs bottom line. Traversing time through multiple generationsWith a global focus on agricultural replenishment and perpetuity, the common emphasis for businesses in this industry has been extending the vivaciousness of crops across multiple generat ions. Given that 30 coffee trees are mandatory to provide one, three time per day coffee drinker with full coffee and combined with the fact that the trees have to remain viable for at least 10 years to yield a financially moneymaking crop, GMCRs commitment to organic food processes promotes to the concept of multiple generations of time, allowing farmers to pass their crops through generations (Neville, 2008).By trading a traditional business effigy for one centered on an all-inclusive value-based continuum that encompasses interconnected systems of farmers, stakeholders, land, and visible and infrared time, GMCR is a prime example of how conscientious capitalism can awaken corporate and financial success.

Classical Conditioning

Classical instruct has withal entrap its way into the realms of entertainment. The some notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork orangeness written by Anthony burgher and it subsequent 1971 movie tell by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a teenaged ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is cured of his evil tendencies via chaste instruct. He is labored to shape various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural timbering of fervency or joy serves as the UR.The films atomic number 18 paired with a medicine (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex consequenceually becomes violently ill ( right off the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic scrape chemical reaction (GSR) to bring in the optimal results. GSR is used to measure rousing from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small e lectrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the double-dealing detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain(prenominal) moral aspects of neoclassic instruct when used to modify behaviour (such as consumer conduct. ) Burgess makes his acknowledgment emerge to be programmed, and unable to make prime(prenominal)s on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the authority of spotless teach in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-involvement harvestings (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when feeling is involved (Classical Conditioning. publicizing for low-involvement products ordinarily attacks the consumer through and through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about buy low-inv olvement products. Advertising and sales promotion ( gist sponsorship) be the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a overplus of crowdments. The idea behind it is a simple integrity. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the mortal subject to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS.The goal of advertisers is to get the unresolved person at the grocery store or what view you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. way out sponsorship is very same to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big avail to event sponsorship is that the person being open(a) has generally elect to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event suffer be intense. This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed persons favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. integrity eye socket extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this enquiry due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the saturation of compile chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved mating oneness draw up food coloring with pleasant music, and pairing another compile color with unpleasant music. Several pen colour were tested and graded on a scale of one to seven. Then deuce pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a rank scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections we re on the opposite ends of the spectrum. The subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant.When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This drive has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced preferably easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are passive very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertisement needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively clear-cut for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a immense deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a ce rtain tot up of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is red ink to get. From that read on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they dont have to reinvent the go around every(prenominal) time out, but they can still remain dulcet with current variations.Classical ConditioningClassical conditioning has also found its way into the realms of entertainment. The most notable example of this is the 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange written by Anthony Burgess and it subsequent 1971 movie directed by the late Stanley Kubrick (Internet Movie Database. ) A Clockwork Orange details the activities of a young ultra-violet protagonist named Alex. Alex is cured of his evil tendencies via classical conditioning. He is forced to watch various films depicting ultra-violence (US) and the like , and his natural feeling of excite ment or joy serves as the UR.The films are paired with a drug (CS) that makes Alex violently ill. In turn Alex eventually becomes violently ill (now the CR) when he begins to feel the excitement associated with violence. The people treating Alex also utilize galvanic skin response (GSR) to get the optimal results. GSR is used to measure arousal from a stimulus (Hawkins 1998. ) It uses small electrodes attached to the skin that measures minute changes in perspiration. The most well known use for GSR is in the lie detector test (Hawkins 1998. The book brings up certain moral aspects of classical conditioning when used to modify behavior (such as consumer behavior. ) Burgess makes his character out to be programmed, and unable to make choices on his own. It is generally believed that Burgess overstates the power of classical conditioning in the context complete behavior reform. In addition to entertainment, classical conditioning is also used as a marketing tool. Classical conditioning is generally used with low-involvement products (Hawkins 1998. ) This is because classical conditioning is most effective when emotion is involved (Classical Conditioning. Advertising for low-involvement products usually attacks the consumer through affective means because nobody wants to think (cognitive) about purchasing low-involvement products. Advertising and sales promotion (event sponsorship) are the most common forms of classical conditioning in marketing. Classical conditioning is used in a plethora of advertisements. The idea behind it is a simple one. Make an ad (US) that elicits a positive response (UR) in the person exposed to the ad. The product or brand within the ad then becomes the CS.The goal of advertisers is to get the exposed person at the grocery store or what have you, to associate the positive feeling they had for the ad with the product. This makes the positive feeling now the CR. Event sponsorship is very similar to this. With event sponsorship the sponsor wants the person viewing the event (US) to project the positive feelings (UR) they get from the event with their product. The big advantage to event sponsorship is that the person being exposed has generally chosen to be exposed to the event. Therefore, the positive emotional feeling toward the event can be intense.This can also be a double-edged sword as well. This occurs when the emotion involved is extremely negative. An example of this is when it is a sporting event, and the exposed persons favorite team loses. The product could then be associated with those feelings. One area extensively covered with regard to classical conditioning and consumer behavior is the effect of background music. Gerald Gorn can be considered the leader in this research due to his 1982 experiment involving background music and the color of pen chosen as a gift (Kellaris 1989. The experiment involved pairing one pen color with pleasant music, and pairing another pen color with unpleasant music. Several pen colors were tested and ranked on a scale of one to seven. Then two pen colors with similar positions were used in the experiment. The music was picked using a ranking scale as well, except instead of picking two pieces with similar positions, the two selections were on the opposite ends of the spectrum. The subjects then were exposed to slides of the one color pen paired with pleasant music, and the other with unpleasant.When given a choice the more subjects chose the pen color associated with the pleasant music This study has a major impact because it showed that consumer behavior can be influenced rather easily. The Gorn experiments are not without controversy (mostly regarding the procedures used in the experiment), but the are still very widely accepted and referenced (Kellaris 1989. ) Another area looked at by marketers is how often to repeat the advertisement. This will be looked at in the next section. Low-involvement advertising needs extensive repetition in advertising (Hawkins 1998. This is mostly because people just are not actively searching for information on low-involvement products. This generally means that not a great deal of attention is paid to ads for low-involvement products. The problem with this is a certain amount of diminished return on the ad. The first time the ad is adequately comprehended it is generally as funny, emotional, etc. as it is going to get. From that point on its affect diminishes and the conditioning is not as strong. This encourages companies to advertise in campaigns. This way they dont have to reinvent the wheel every time out, but they can still remain fresh with ongoing variations.