Annotated Bibliography on Tacrine

Annotated Bibliography on TacrineSathyan G et al (1995) analyze the effect of solvents such as water, propylene glycol and ethanol and their mixtures for percutaneous drug spoken communication on in vitro permeation of tacrine through fundament and human skin. Largest meld and permeability were observed from ethanol-propylene glycol and water-ethanol binary mixtures, respectively. splendid correlation between the rat and human skin data was observed. The looks were free-base to be devoid of skin irritancy property. Ethanol-propylene glycol (11) mixture with a flux of 98 g/cm2 through rat skin was found to be a promising solvent system for the transdermal delivery of Tacrine.Yanq Q et al (2001) formulated microparticles of tacrine utilise poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) by solvent evapo ration technique. Effect of formulation variables on Encapsulation efficiency and deprivation was studied. Results showed an increase in encapsulation efficiency by 10 times and decrease in rate of release when molecular(a) weight of polymer was changed from 8,000to 59,000 and 155,000 The study indicated that tacrine microparticles have a strong potential for presbyopic term treatment of Alzheimers indisposition.Kankkunen T et al (2002) investigated the iontophoretic delivery of Tacrine on 10 healthy adult volunteers by comparing a commercialised LOGEL electrode with an ion change over fibre formulation. Clinically significant blood plasma concentrations 21.3+5.9 ng/ml was achieved by commercial system whereas 14.9+2.6 ng/ml was achieved through ion exchange fibre system. The study showed that iontophoretic delivery of Tacrine is safe .Serum alanine transferase levels Jogani VV et al (2008) prepared and characterized mucoadhesive microemulsion of tacrine by the titration mode for adept targeting for the treatment of Alzheimers disease. Selective nose to brainpower transport was confirmed by lower Tmax values (60 min) with intranasal administration than lon g hundred min with intravenous administration. The brain bioavailability of tacrine after giving optimized formulation was 2 times more than obtained with intranasal tacrine solution Scintigraphy study in rabbits showed more wasting disease of Tacrine in brain after intranasal administration. The results indicated better, quicker transport of tacrine in scopolamine-induced amnesiac mice brain and rapid regain of memory loss after intranasal administration. Hence, results suggested that intranasal tacrine delivery hold promising in treating Alzheimers disease.Wilson B et al (2010) prepared Tacrine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles by spontaneous emulsification system acting. The particles were characterized for size of it, zeta potential, drug-loading capacity and in vitro release. Mean particle size for drug-to-polymer ratio 11 was found to be 41 7 nm with average zeta potential of +34.7 1.5 mV. The release of tacrine from nanoparticles ranged from 83.04% 1.41% to 94.64% 0.84% f or 12 hours depending on the drug-to-polymer ratio. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst of 30 ss followed by continuous and late release of the drug. The release of drug from nanoparticles was diffusion-controlled, following Fickian mechanism. Controlled release characteristics suggested prolonged manor hall time which could improve the bioavailability of tacrine in the brain.Luppi B et al (2011) prepared white nanoparticles of Tacrine hydrochloride with beta cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin and sulphobutylether beta cyclodextrin using coacervation regularity and thermal cross-linking. brisk nanoparticles were then soaked in solutions of tacrine hydrochloride and lyophilized for effective drug loading. valuation results showed that nanoparticles had a spherical shape with negative charge and mean size .Dixit S et al (2013) formulated tattle dissolving tablets of Tacrine hydrochloride by develop compression using different superdisintegrants. Result s indicated that mouth dissolving tablets showed acceptable hardness, friability, windup(prenominal) strength and weight uniformity. The optimized formulation disintegrated in less than 1 minute in mouth and released 98% of Tacrine within 14 minutes. The study reflected the potential of mouth dissolving tablet of Tacrine for quick absorption, improvement in bioavailability, increased long-suffering compliance especially in patients with difficulty in swallowing.Corace G et al (2014) developed liposomes delivery of tacrine hydrochloride by nasal route using cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, a-tocopherol and/or Omega3 fatty acids by reverse phase evaporation technique followed by membrane filter extrusion. Results reflected that prepare d liposome formulations had a mean diam varying from 175nm to 219nm with polydispersity index Haughey DB et al(1994) developed a reversed-phase superior silver-tongued chromatographic method(RPHPLC) with fluorescence detection for the analysis of Tacrine and 1-hydroxy-, 2-hydroxy-, and 4-hydroxytacrine (metabolites of Tacrine) in human plasma. The alkalinized samples of human plasma were extracted with a mixture of 9010%v/v of anaesthetize and l-propanol. Calibration curves were constructed for clinically significant concentrations(5 to 30 ng/ml) for all the analytes. The method was found to be precise and accurate. The developed method was sensitive profuse for the determination of tacrine and its metabolites after Cognex (40 mg single dose) was administered orally to normal volunteers.Hansen LL et al (1998) developed and validated a method for simultaneous adherence of tacrine and its metabolites, 1-hydroxytacrine , 2-hydroxytacrine and 4-hydroxytacrine in human plasma and urine .The method involved one-step liquifiableliquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Determination was done by isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection (excitation 330 nm and sack 365 nm).The deve loped method demonstrated simplicity , precision, accuracy and sensitivity with limit of detection as 0.5 nM for 2-hydroxytacrine and 4-hydroxytacrine, 2 nM for 1-hydroxytacrine and tacrine in plasma. Mean recovery ranged from 84 to 105% for tacrine and its metabolites in plasma.Aparico I et al (1998) developed a spectrofluorimetric method to estimate tacrine in human serum and pharmaceuticals. The fluorimetric method allowed the determination of Tacrine in the range of 170 ng /ml in sedimentary solutions of acetic acidsodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6) with (excitation wavelength of 242 nm and emission wavelength of 362 nm.Chollet DF et al (2000) developed a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay method for therapeutic monitoring of Tacrine. The method was based on simple protein hastiness by acetonitrile or cold methanol followed by isocratic withdrawal on a CN column eluted in reversed-phase mode. Developed method was found to be precise, robust, accurate and suitable which was demonstrated by analyzing more than 1,000 plasma samples from patients with Alzheimer disease .Ortuo JA et al (2007) developed a flow-injection pulse amperometric method for estimation of Tacrine on the basis of ion transfer through a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane using a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. Lnear relationship between peak prime and concentration of tacrine was found up to 410-5M .Limit of detection was found to be 110-7M. The method was found to be linear, reproducible, specific and repeatable.Qian S et al (2012) developed an assay for simultaneous determination of Tacrine and its metabolites in rat plasma and brain tissue. The analytes along with internal standard were extracted from plasma of rat or tissue homogenate of brain by liquid-liquid extraction with the help of ethyl acetate. The separation was done on Thermo Hypersil BDS C18 column using mobile phase of acetonitrile and ammonium formate-triethylamine (pH 4.0) with fluorescence detection. Percentage recovery varied from 82.1% to 93.2% in h rat plasmas and brain tissue. The developed method was found to be simple, sensitive and reproducible cognitive operation for the estimation of Tacrine and its metabolites in rats after oral administration.

Difference Between Memory And Data Storage Computer Science Essay

Difference Between retrospect And Data re tennertivity electronic calculator Science EssayThe depots retentiveness and selective in gaination retention argon ofttimes conf applyd. cardinal entrepot and entropy terminal ar agency by which a estimator keeps data use to perform tasks. Both of them ar measured in bytes. The term keeping refers to the amount of stochastic Access holding ( pound off) exactly in like manner includes select-Only Memory ( make- single retentiveness) install(a)ed in the computing subterfuge, whereas the term repositing refers to the skill of the reck angiotensin converting enzymers hard dish antenna. physique 12 Difference mingled with Memory and Data StorageFor example, in figure 12, the file console represents the computers hard saucer, which provides retention for all the files and cultivation we need in your office. When we be intimate in to cream, we take out the files we need from shop and put them on our desk for easy leave go we work on them. The desk is like reminiscence in the computer. It indorses the information and data we need to have handy speckle youre working.The primary(prenominal) difference between computer entrepot and data retentivity is their die. Storage is used to transport all the computers information. Data repositingd in the hard disk is permanent and it is not lost when the computer is turned off. When we take a dash a file, totally the access to that file is removed, not the information itself. To permanently delete a file, the hard disk must be formatted or all(prenominal)placewritten. It is flush possible that even though a disk has been formatted, an expert dis tail still view the information.Memory and data terminus git work unneurotic. When the computer does not have enough swot up to support its processes, it converts a portion of the hard disk into practical(prenominal) computer retentivity board. Virtual wareho employ board act s the comparable way pound does. However, since it is a part of the hard disk, employ virtual depot slows the computer down.2.2 Internal Memory and External Memory calculator inborn reminiscence is used to store data that is used by the dodging at startup and to run various subjects of programs much(prenominal) as the operating system. Typically, internal reminiscence is contained on sharp micro splinterings that are every attached or connected to the computers m otherwiseboard. figurer retention finish set out from a couple of megabytes to several gigabytes. SRAM, DRAM, and ROM are the example of internal computer retrospect.External computer retrospect is technically individually store twist that we dejection connect to our computer to record data. Flash drives, HDD with USB cable, any SD card are the example of external reposition.2.3 Hierarchy of StorageGenerally, the lower a thinking is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its acc ess afterwards(a)ncy is from the CPU. This handed-down division of storage to ancient, indirect, tertiary and off-line storage is similarly channelise by cost per irregular. Historically, fund has been called sum, main(prenominal) computer storage, real storage or internal memory while storage turns have been referred to as actary storage, external memory or peripheral storage.2.3.1 Primary StorageIn computer memory the term uncreated(a) storage or limited memory is used for the information in physical systems which function at high- speed as a difference from secondary storage. Primary storage often referred to simply as memory, is the unaccompanied i and only(a) directly neighborly to the CPU. The CPU continuously demands instructions stored there and executes them as required. Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing building binge via a memory bus. It is actually two buses, an pass over bus and a data bus. The CPU beti mesly s arrests a number finished an address bus, a number called memory address that indicates the desired fixture of data. therefore it haves or frames the data itself using the data bus. Additionally, a memory counseling unit of measurement (MMU) is a small blind between CPU and RAM recalculating the actual memory address, for example to provide an abstraction of virtual memory or other tasks.2.3.2 Secondary StorageSecondary storage or secondary memory is physical devices for program and data storage which are slow to access still offer higher memory capacity. It differs from main(a) storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer unremarkably uses its insert/output channels to access secondary storage and inter transports the desired data using intermediate area in elemental storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is supply down because it is non-volatile. In innovative computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage and it is typically about a million times slower than memory. round other examples of secondary storage technologies are USB jazzy drives, floppy disks, change tape, written report tape, laggarded cards, standal single RAM disks, and Iomega get-up-and-go drives.2.3.3 Tertiary storageTertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage. Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which pull up stakes mount and dismount removable flock storage media into a storage device according to the systems demands, these data are often copied to secondary storage before use. It is much slower than secondary storage. This is primarily useful for inordinately large data stores, accessed without benevolent operators. When a computer needs to subscribe information from the tertiary storage, it forget send-off consult a compile database to determine which tape or disc contains the information and then the computer entrust instruct a robotic arm to f etch the mass long suit and place it in a drive. When the computer has finished driveing the information, the robotic arm will return the medium to its place in the library.2.3.4 off-line storageOff-line storage is computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit. The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. unalike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction.Off-line storage is used to transfer information. Additionally, in case a disaster like a give the axe destroys the original data, a medium in a remote location will probably be unaffected, enabling disaster recovery.In modern personal computers, roughly secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are just about popular, an d to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives. In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, energy disks, or punched cards.2.4 Characteristics of Storage2.4.1 VolatilityVolatile memory is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information and non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered. That is why the contents of RAM are erased when the power of the computer is turned off plainly ROM holds its data indefinitely. The fastest memory technologies of nowadays are volatile unrivalleds. Non-volatile memory is suitable for foresighted-term storage of information.2.4.2 MutabilityRead/write storage or mutable storage allows information to be overwritten at any time. A computer without some amount of postulate/write storage for primary storage purposes would be useless for umpteen tasks. Modern computers typically use read/write storage also for secondary storage.Rea d only storage retains the information stored at the time of manufacture, and allows the information to be written only once at some point after manufacture. These are called immutable storage. Immutable storage is used for tertiary and off-line storage. Examples include CD-ROM and CD-R.Slow write, fast read storage is the read/write storage which allows information to be overwritten triplex times, but with the write operation macrocosm much slower than the read operation. Examples include CD-RW and flash memory.2.4.3 AccessibilityIn random access, any location in storage can be accessed at any moment in near the alike(p) amount of time. Such mark is well suited for primary and secondary storage. Most semiconductor memories and disk drives provide random access.In sequential access, the accessing of pieces of information will be in a consecutive recount, unmatched after the other, therefore the time to access a situation piece of information depends upon which piece of info rmation was last accessed. Such peculiar(prenominal) is typical of off-line storage.2.4.4 AddressabilityIn modern computers, location-addressable storage usually limits to primary storage. Each individually accessible unit of information in storage is selected with its numerical memory address.In modern computers, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage use files addressable systems. Information is divided into files of variable aloofness, and a particular file is selected with human-readable directory and file names.Content-addressable storage can be enforced using software or hardware, hardware being faster but much big-ticket(prenominal) option. Each individually accessible unit of information is selected establish on the basis of the contents stored there.2.4.5 CapacityThe total amount of stored information that a storage device or medium can hold is raw capacity.Memory storage density is a measure of the bill of information bits that can be stored on a given length of w ay, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows greater volumes of data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium.2.4.6 slayingLatency is a measure of time delay experienced in a system, the precise definition of which depends on the system and the time being measured. The time it takes to access a particular location in storage. The pertinent unit of measurement is typically nanosecond for primary storage, millisecond for secondary storage, and second for tertiary storage. It may make sense to class read latency and write latency, and in case of sequential access storage, minimum, maximum and just latency.In communication networks, such as Ethernet or packet radio, throughput or network throughput is the average rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. In computer data storage, throughput is usually denotative in terms of megabytes per second, though bit rate may also be used. As with latency, read rate and write rate may need to be contraryiated. Also accessing media sequentially, as opposed to randomly, typically yields maximum throughput.2.5 Fundamental Storage TechnologiesThe roughly commonly used data storage technologies are semiconductor, magnetic, and optical, while base still sees some limited usage. Some other fundamental storage technologies have also been used in the past or are proposed for development.2.5.1 SemiconductorSemiconductor memory is an electronic data storage device, often used as computer memory, implemented on a semiconductor-based integrated circuit. A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors or capacitances. It is made in many different shells and technologies.Semiconductor memory has the property of random access, which means that it takes the same amount of time to access any memory location. Semiconducto r memory also has much faster access times than other casefuls of data storage. A byte of data can be written to or read from semiconductor memory at heart a few nanoseconds, while access time for rotating storage such as hard disks is in the set out of milliseconds. For these reasons it is used for main computer memory or primary storage, to hold data the computer is currently working on, among other uses.2.5.2 magnetizedMagnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically surface surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. The information is accessed using one or more read/write maneuvers which may contain one or more arranging transducers. A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved sexual congress to another in order to access data.2.5.3 OpticalOptical storage is a term from engineering referring to the Storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by m aking marks in a pattern that can be read derriere with the upkeep of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely rivet on a spinning disc. An older example, that does not require the use of computers, is microform.2.5.4 PaperPaper data storage refers to the use of cover as a data storage device. This includes opus, illustrating, and the use of data that can be interpreted by a machine or is the result of the function of a machine. Paper data storage, typically in the form of paper tape or punched cards, has long been used to store information for robotlike processing, particularly before general-purpose computers existed. Information was recorded by punching holes into the paper or cardboard medium and was read mechanically to determine whether a particular location on the medium was solid or contained a holeApr 142Computer Organization and ArchitectureFacebook chirpGoogleTumblrComputer MemoryChapter 1 Introduction to Computer MemoryFigure 1 An Imaginary Computer MemoryTo know about the pointedness of computer memory, first of all we should know what is memory? and then what is computer memory?.As we know the memory is a power to remember things. In psychology, memory is the process by which information is en markd, stored, and retrieved. But in figure, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs or data on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device.Computer data storage, often called storage or memory. It is a amount of money function and fundamental component of computers. A computers memory can be express as a list of cells into which come can be set(p) or read. Each cell has a numbered address and can store a single number. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary number in groups of eight bits. A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications. A bit can have only two values, each 1 or 0. Eight bits form a byte. Each b yte is able to represent 256 different numbers either from 0 to 255 or 128 to +127. To store larger numbers several consecutive bytes typically two, four or eight may be used. When negative numbers are required they are usually stored in tows complement note which is a mathematical operation on binary numbers.A computer can store any kind of information in memory if it can be represented numerically. The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. A computer consists of at to the lowest degree one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU) and some form of memory. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of data, it is the softwares responsibility to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory. In computer architecture, the CPU contains a surplus set of memory cells which is called registers. A processor register can be read and written to a fault much faster than the main memory area. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed.1.1 First Computer MemoryThe first computers were often very large, usually as big as a desk or even a room and had minimal processing capability. These proterozoic computers were built to work on specific problems or solve received types of equations and not much more.The first computers used punch cards for input and had very limited memory for processing. The average memory in the first computers was between three and twos event five kilo-bits Memory was used to store data in the processing of linear equations, and the results were then printed in binary.When compared to the computers accessible today, the first computers do not seem very technologically advanced, but at the time they were created thes e first computers were engineering masterpieces. legion(predicate) of the concepts created when building early computers are still in use in modern computing technology.The Atanasoff Berry Computer ( rudiment) credited with being the very first computer. The ABC had a whopping 3000 bits of memory which allowed it to process sixty items at one time. Other early computers had more memory. Some has high as forty five kilobits, which allowed them to process several more words of data in a shorter amount of time increasing the overall processing speed of the system.Without the first computers and their ability to make simple calculations, the technology we use today might not be as advanced as it has nonplus.1.2 business relationship of Computer MemoryIn 1940s memory technology more often than not permitted few bytes capacity. The first electronic programmable digital computer the ENIAC (ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer) using thousands of octal base radio vacuum pipings. In electronics, a vacuum tube is a device controlling electric current through a vacuum in a sealed container. The ENIAC could perform simple calculations involving 20 numbers of ten decimal digits which were held in the vacuum tube accumulators.The following significant advance in computer memory delaylinememory. It was a form of computer memory used on some of the earliest digital computers. Like many modern forms of electronic computer memory, delay line memory was a refreshable memory but it was opposed to modern random access memory. baffle line memory was sequential access. retard lines could store bits of information within a quartz and transfer it through sound waves propagating through mercury. Delay line memory would be limited to a capacity of up to a few hundred thousand bits to remain efficient.In 1946 two alternatives to the delay line, the Williams tube and Selectron tube, both using electron beams in sugarcoat tubes for storage. The Williams tube would prove more c apacious than the Selectron tube because the Selectron was limited to 256 bits, while the Williams tube could store thousands. It was also less expensive than Selectron tube.To find non-volatile memory Jay Forrester, Jan A. Rajchman and An Wang developed magnetic core memory in the late 1940s. It was allowed for suppose of memory after power loss. Magnetic core memory would become the dominant form of memory until the development of transistor-based memory in the late 1960s.1.2. 1 Historical Development of Computer MemoryComputer memory is much more than DRAM or Flash. It has come a long way up until the origins of todays omnipresent memory technologies. If we take it more than clx years back in time and revisit the milestones of computer memory technology then products we may have never heard of.1.2.1.1 lagger CardsFigure 2 Punch CardsApunched card is a piece ofstiff paper that contains digital information represented by the heraldic bearing or absence of holes in predefined po sitions. Earlydigital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of bothcomputer programs anddata. In 1837 Charles Babbage first purposed the Analytical Engine, which was the first computer to use punch cards as memory and a way to program the computer. Punch cards also known as Hollerith cardsand IBM cardsare paper cards containing several punched holes that where originally punched by hand and after by computers that represent data. Hollerithspunchcardsused in the 1890 census had round holes, 12 rows and 24 columns. The IBMpunchedcard knowing in 1928, had rectangular holes, 80 columns with 12 punch locations and each one character to each column. So 80 x 12 = 960, this gives us a maximum capacity of 960 bits or 125 bytes of data. The use of punch cards predates computers. They were used as early as 1725 in the fabric industry for controlling mechanized textile looms. From the 1900s, into the 1950s, punched cards were the primary medium for data entry,data stora ge, and processing in institutional computing. As of 2012, some voting machinesstill utilize punched cards to input data. During the 1960s, the punched card was gradually replaced by magnetic tape.1.2.1.2 Drum MemoryFigure 3 DrumMemoryDrummemory is an obsolete magnetic data storage device. A prink is a large metal cylinder that is coated on the outside surface with a ferromagnetic recording material. It could be considered the precursor to the hard disk platter, but in the form of a drum rather than a flat disk. In most cases a row of fixed read-write heads runs along the long axis of the drum, one for each drop behind. The drums of the Atanasoff-Berry Computer stored information using regenerative capacitor memory. Regenerativecapacitormemory is a type of computer memory that uses the electrical property of capacitance to store the bits of data. A difference between most drums and a modern hard disk drive is that on a drum there was a track per head so that the heads do not hav e to move to the track to access data. Head per track disks were used generally for paging. Particularly while drums were used as main working memory, programmers often took to positioning code onto the drum in such a way as to disgrace the amount of time needed to find the next instruction. In 1932 Austrian IT engineer Gustav Tauschek invented the first widely used computer memory, called drum memory. In 1942 John Atanasoff successfully tests the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) which was the first computer to use regenerative capacitor drum memory. It was widely used in the 1950s and 60s as the main working memory of computers. Tauscheks original drum memory had a capacity of about 500,000 bits or 62.5 kilobytes. unrivalled of the early mass-produced computers, IBM 650, had about 8.5 kilobytes of drum memory, which in a later model was doubled to about 17 kilobytes. Some drum memories were also used as secondary storage. Drums were later replaced as the main working memory by mem ory such as core memory.1.2.1.3 Williams TubeFigure 4 Williams TubeFreddie Williams applies for a patent on his cathode-ray tube (CRT) storing device in 1946. The device that later became known as the Williams tube or Williams- Kilburn tube. It was used as a computer memory to electronically store binary data. It was the first random-access digital storage device. The Williams tube depends on an effect called secondary emission. When a stop is drawn on a cathode ray tube, the area of the dot becomes sparingly positively guidanced and the area immediately around it becomes slightly negatively charged, creating a charge well which is unable to convert to another type of energy. The charge well remains on the surface of the tube for a fraction of a second, allowing the device to act as a computer memory. The charge well lifetime depends on the electrical resistance of the inwardly of the tube.By drawing a second dot immediately next to the first one the dot can be erased. Informati on is read from the tube by means of a metal pickup abode that covers the face of the tube. Each time a dot is created or erased, the change in electrical charge induces a voltage pulse in the pickup plate. There is no practical restriction in the order of positions so it is called random-access nature of the lookup.Reading a memory location creates a new charge well, destroying the original contents of that location, and so any read has to be followed by a write to rein suppose the original data. Since the charge gradually leaked away, it was necessary to scan the tube periodically and rewrite every dot.Some Williams tubes were made from radar-type cathode ray tubes with a phosphor coating that made the data visible. Each Williams tube could store about 512-1024 bits of data.1.2.1.4 Selectron TubeFigure 5 Selectron TubeBetween 1946 and 1953 Jan Rajchman begins his work on developing the Selectron tube. The original 4096-bit Selectron was a large, 5 inch by 3 inch vacuum tube with a cathode running up the middle, surrounded by two separate sets of wires forming a cylindrical grid, a dielectric material outside of the grid, and last a cylinder of metal conductor outside the dielectric, called the signal plate. The small capacity 256-bit system was constructed similarly, but built in a tabular fashion rather than cylindrical,resulting in an even larger vacuum tube. The device used an indirectly heated cathode running up the middle, surrounded by two separate sets of wires and offered a storage capacity of 4096 bits to 256 in the proposed production device. The Williams tube was an example of a general class of cathode ray tube (CRT) devices known as storage tubes. The primary function of a constituted CRT is to display an image by lighting phosphor using a beam of electrons fired at it from an electron gun at the back of the tube. Like the Williams Kilburn tube, the Selectron was also a random access storage device. Because of the popularity of magnetic co re memory at the time, the Selectron tube was never put into mass production.1.2.1.5 Magnetic-core MemoryFigure 6 Magnetic-core MemorySecond major milestone in modern computer memory technology was magnetic core memory which was widely adopted. Core memory or magnetic core memory became a widespread form of random-access memory, relying on an array of magnetized rings and was invented in 1947 and developed up until the mid-1970s. It is said to be non-volatile and will not lose its contents when the power is removed. The term core comes from pompous transformers whose windings surround a magnetic core. The basic principle of core memory was using a core as a ring of ferrite that could be magnetized in one of two directions. As a result, the memory was able to store digital information either a 1 or 0. In core memory the wires pass once through any given core, they are single turn devices. The core can take two states, encoding one bit, which can be read when selected by a sense wire . When the core is read, it is reset to a cypher which is known as destructive readout. Circuits in the computer memory system then restore the information in an immediate re-write cycle. Magnetic core memory was initially very expensive to fabricate but prices dropped as the market developed. It was the standard form of memory system until displaced by solid-state memory in integrated circuits, starting in the early 1970s.1.2.1.6 ergodic access MemoryFigure 7 Random access MemoryRandom-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order. Today, random-access memory takes the form of integrated circuits which is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate or chip of semiconductor material, normally silicon. One distinguishing characteristic of RAM is that it is possible both to read data from the memory and to write new data into the memory easily and rapidly. Both the interpretation an d writing are accomplished the use of electrical signals. The other distinguishing characteristic of RAM is that it is volatile. A RAM must be provided with a eternal power supply. If the power is interrupted, then the data are lost. Thus, RAM can be used only as temporary storage.The three main forms of modern RAM are static RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and phase-change memory (PRAM). In SRAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This form of RAM is more expensive to produce but is generally faster and requires less power than DRAM. In modern computers, it is often used as cache memory for the CPU.DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair which together comprise a memory cell. The capacitor holds a high or low (0 or 1) charge and the transistor acts as a bastinado that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitors state of charge or change it.Phase-change memory is also known as PRAM, is a type of non-volatile random-access memory. PRAM can offer much higher performance in applications where writing quickly is important, both because the memory element can be switched more quickly and also because single bits may be changed to either 1 or 0 without needing to first erase an entire block of cells. PRAMs high performance, thousands of times faster than conventional hard drives, makes it particularly fire in nonvolatile memory roles that are currently performance-limited by memory access timing.ECC memory, which can be either SRAM or DRAM, includes special circuitry to detect or correct random faults or memory errors in the stored data, using similarity bits or error correction code. A parity bit or check bit is a bit added to the end of a cast of binary code that indicates whether the number of bits in the string with the value one is even or odd. Parity bits are used as the simplest form of error detecting code. In information guess and coding theory with applications in computer science and teleco mmunication, error maculation and correction or error control are techniques that enable tried and true delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.Many computer systems have a memory hierarchy consisting of CPU registers, on-die SRAM caches, external caches, DRAM, paging systems and virtual memory or swap space on a hard drive. This entire pool of memory may be referred to as RAM by many developers.1.2.1.7 Read Only MemoryFigure 8 Read Only MemoryRead-only memory (ROM) is a class of storage medium used in computers. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty. It is really only suitable for storing data which is not expected to need modification for the life of the device.When only a small number of ROMs with particular memory content is needed, a less expensive alternative is the programmable ROM (PROM). Like the ROM, the PROM is nonvolatile and may be written into only once. For the PROM, the writing process is pe rformed electrically and may be performed by a supplier or customer at a time later than the original chip fabrication. Special equipment is required for the writing or programming process.Another variation on read only memory is the read in the main memory, which is useful for applications in which read operations far more frequent than write operation but for which nonvolatile storage is required. There are three common forms of read mostly memory, they are EPROM, EEPROM and flash memory.The optically erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) is read and written electrically, as with PROM. However, before a write operation, all the storage cells must be erased to the same initial state by exposure of the packaged chip to ultraviolet radiation. Erasure is performed by glare an intense ultraviolet light through a window that is knowing into the memory chip. This erasure process can be performed repeatedly. It has the advantage of the multiple update capability.A more attract ive form of read mostly memory is electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM). This is a read mostly memory that can be written into at any time without erasing prior contents, only the byte or bytes addressed are update. The write operation takes considerably longer than the read operation, on the other of several hundred microseconds per byte. The EEPROM combines the advantage of nonvolatility with the flexibility of being updatable in place, using ordinary bus control, address, and data lines. It is suppor

Analysis Of The Teenage Magazine Market Sector

Analysis Of The Teenage Magazine Market welkinThe adjacent section of the plan provides a brief outline of the young clipping grocery sector. In particular, summation mountain and value of gross r even upue is investigated and critic whollyy discussed. Further more than(prenominal), it is necessary to provide an assessment and analysis of the key competitors in the commercialise sector and the target group of consumers. Advertising wasting diseases argon similarly explored in this section. In addition, it will be relevant to s arouse the impertinent environment of the industry which includes political, economic, social and technological factors unified under fella framework. Thus, this section will attempt to make a contribution to the realization of the potential opportunities, which may be used for a new brand.The next graph illustrates the total yearly subscriptions for the UK magazines by sector. As it may be seen from the histogram, children and immatured ma gazines constitute the most numerous and dominant sector. They account for as much as 32.7% of the whole magazine market. The second largest sector is womens traditionalistic magazines. Its market sh ar is equal to 12.9%. Other sectors with the market shares ranging from 10% to 11% are TV listings, mens monthlies, sports and music and the re granding sectors. The least popular part of magazines is home interest as they were found to account for only 4.2% of the market. These findings put out that children and puerile magazines are most popular among the UK readers.The next graph discovers that the total volume of gross revenue of young magazines in the UK has travel byen in the recent past. It may be observed that in 2008, as many as 47,535,000 units of magazines were s anile. The indicator reduced to the level of 41,794,000 units in 2009. Moreover, in 2010, the total volume of sales constituted only 38,040,000. Hence, the market for pueriled magazines in the UK has be en leaving down. This reduction of sales may be explained by the growing popularity of on-line(a) media and portals for immaturers. Printed magazines are often substituted by social networking and entertaining web applications.This proclivity may be discussed in the light of the standard product look cycle (PLC) curve. As presented by the following graph, the PLC curve consists of the four main stages introduction, growth, maturity and decline. These stages imply distinct changes in the volume of sales. The recent fall of the volume of sales of the UK teenage magazines indicates that the product passes through the decline stage. It substance that the producers of the UK teenage magazines will not achieve the maximum volume of sales unless the product is improved or changed.Correspondingly, the total value of sales of teenage magazines has reduced recently. In 2008, the value of sales constituted 99,039,000. The indicator decreased to the level of 88,245,000 in 2009. In 2010, the reduction of sales value go along and the indicator reached 86,138,000. The fall of volume and value occurred during the period 2008-2010. Hence, it may be concluded that the UK market for teenage magazines has been shrinking and narrowing.Among the major competitors in the UK market for teenage magazines it is valid to mention Elle daughter, Glamour, GQ, Grazia Magazine, Heat, new-sprung(prenominal), OK and Yours. Their relative market shares are reported in the following figure.As it may be seen from the histogram, New, Ok and Glamour are the most popular teenage magazine brands in the UK. Their market shares are equal to 15.7%, 15.4% and 13.5% respectively. The market share of Heat constitutes as much as 12.4%. much(prenominal)(prenominal) brands as Grazia, Yours, Elle Girl and GQ occupy 6.7%, 6.5%, 5.1% and 3.1% of the market. Other brands, which are less popular, account for 21.6% of the market. Critical analysis of these brands may reveal that GQ is the worst performi ng magazine. Its market share is the smallest among major magazines. This may be explained by the narrow specialisation of the magazine. The target auditory modality of the magazine are males from 16 to 24 years old. Teen girls are more inclined to information magazines than teen boys. The researchers reported that girls read more screen and confession magazines .On the contrary, the most successful teenage magazine brands are New and Ok (these magazines get the largest market share in the UK market). This success can be explained by the proper and suitable content. The teenage magazines include celebrity interviews, dating tips, fashion tips and descriptions and samples of the popular cosmetic products. Such content is highly appreciated by the target audience. differentwise good over the rivals in the market segment is availability of the magazines. Teenage magazines have relatively low impairments in comparison with other glossies. Furthermore, these magazines are univers al. They are read by teenage girls as well as medium-aged women. filth positioning of the major teenage magazines in the UK can be presented as follows. Kumar developed a special framework, which differentiates amid economy brands, bargain brands, cowman brands and premium brands. The differentiation is based on the two dimensions quality and price of the production. The brand positioning framework can be graphically presented as shown below.None of the mentioned magazines refers to the category of economy brands. The major teenage magazines do not combine the two qualities, i.e. low quality and low price, at once. However, New and Ok can be classified as bargain brands. They buy the farm to the moderate price category, but have very rich and modify contents. Grazia Magazine, Yours and Heat are of lower quality, but more expensive. Hence, it allows for classifying them as cowherd brands. Finally, Elle Girl, Glamour and GQ are positioned as premium brands.It has already been men tioned that girls read teenage magazines more often than boys. Hence, the major target audience are teenage girls. The following graph provides a comparison of the percentage of teenage girls and teenage boys reading magazines.It may be observed that 55% of male teenagers are found to enjoy reading magazines. However, the female readers of teenage magazines are even more numerous and constitute 63% of all female teenagers. These findings reveal that the target group for the majority of the magazine producers are female teenagers. Another fact, which proves these findings, is that male teenagers are also inclined to reading other specialize magazines besides teenage publications. The alternatives include sports magazines, technical magazines, PC and IT magazines and others.In treaty with Kaiser Family Foundation all magazines discussed above are targeted at clearly specify groups of consumers. For instance, Elle Girl is targeted at younger sisters of the readers of Elle. Furthermo re, it has been revealed that girls from 12 to 17 years old comprise up to 26% of the total number of females reading different magazines. Nevertheless, these magazines can hardly be segmented by their contents. The point is that all of them contain articles about celebrities, fashion, relationships, etc. In addition, it can be verbalize that the market could not be segmented according to the social classes of the teenage reader. It may be explained by the fact that teenage readers have for the most part the same interests at this age regardless of the social background of their family.It is argued by Form (1995) that segmentation theory deals with the problems of coordinating huge entities like institutions, sectors, strata, or society it holds that individual groups generally place their inter ests above those of the groups with which they interact, creating problems of intergroup coordination (Form, 1995). Relying on this statement, it may be argued that there are no many confl icts mingled with the segments of the teenage magazine market in the UK. The point is that the difference between the demands and interests of teenage girls is not very large. It has been mentioned that they have similar interests. Hence, the majority of magazines can be easily substituted with other types.As it may be seen from the following graph, the publishers of teenage magazines use different media for publicize their production.Newspaper advertisement comprises as much as 29%. It may be verbalize that such a considerable percentage of newspaper ads cannot be justified since teenagers are expected to spend more time in the Internet than reading newspapers. However, if their parents subscribe to newspapers, teenagers can see the advertisement in the papers. Radio ads, TV ads and internet ads comprise 22%, 22% and 18% respectively. Outdoor advertisement constitutes only 9% of all advertize. The costs of advertising are summarised in the graph below.The figure has reported that the total teenage magazine advertising expenditure has been reduced recently. In 2008, the UK publishers of the teenage magazines spent about 14,593,000 on advertising of their production. In 2009, the indicator decreased to the level of 12,043,000. However, the advertising expenditure was equal to 11,452,000 in 2010. The reduction of the total advertising expenditure may be explained by the overall decline in the market. It has already been stated that the total number of units of magazines produced yearly decreased too. Furthermore, the influence of the global pecuniary crisis could have additional pressure on companies and make them reduce advertising costs.The advertising to sales ratio constituted 0.28 in 2005. In other words, the UK magazine publishers spent on average 0.28 on advertising a 1 worth magazine. It is understandable that premium brands and cowboy brands had different advertising budgets. Nevertheless, the indicator illustrates the average ratio.As it may be seen from the graph, the main types of retail outlets where teenage magazines are sold are supermarkets, other multiples and independents. Another important thing, which should be grasped from the histogram, is that the percentage of sales in each type of outlets has changed recently. In 1997, supermarkets were the least popular outlet for selling teenage magazines. Only 19% of all teenage magazines were sold there. Nevertheless, in 2007, supermarkets contributed to the sales of up to 32% of all teenage magazines. The percentage of teenage magazines sold in other multiples in 1997 and 2007 changed insignificantly. The indicator had fallen from 34% to 33% by 2007. However, the sales by independents had reduced from 42% to 37% by 2007.Delivery to retail outlets is the final stage of the teenage magazine supply chain. Today, supermarkets are suitable more and more popular as teenage magazine retailers as the graph above has revealed. However, supply chain of teenage magazines is much more complex than it may seem from the first sight. The timing of the average teenage magazine supply chain is presented in Appendix.

Influence of Darwins theory on modern psychology

Influence of Darwins system on modern psychologyCharles Darwin was a British scientist, who coins the plan of phylogeny and geological observation. Charles Darwin was greatly inspired by geologist Adam Sedgwick and Reverent/ essential scientist John Hens mortified. both(prenominal) mean played a major subprogram in the development of his speculation. Darwin draws his ideas from those who supposed that the sacred book was and unembellishedct of world and manhood.His head for the hills was of great influence on life and development of inhering recognition and psychological thoughts. Darwins c beer gave him the opportunity to observed various geological social organization around the globe as well as dungeon species .This be intimate hand enhance his intellectual thought and prospective of the primers cake. However Angell (2007) states that Darwinism has never been a re entirelyy vital issues in psychology (The influence of Darwin on psychology). Darwins system of phylogeny has been dispar timed by the theologians, biologist and nevertheless the psychologist. The heavy reflection came in the light of his book origin of species. Biologist wangled that Darwin could not interrogationing Thomas Malthus was a British economist, who wrote numerous articles about population growth. Malthus theorizes that the availability of forage cannot be compared to the geometrical rate of population growth. Thus, overpopulation constantly leads to un destination forces of hunger, pernicious disease and poverty. The instinctive struggle for survival arrested Darwin attention as a result, he utilise Malthuss lift to the theory of evolution. (How did Thomas Malthus influence Charles Darwin?). Darwin theory of evolution is essential, because the food supply issues describe by Thomas Malthus, gave untested species the opportunity to complete for their survival. The survival of the fittest would then provide the future generation with the favour suitable variat ion of their heredity. Therefore, each generation would improve adoptively throughout the ages and this look for would procrastinating succeed in the development of evolutionary species. This approach was added to Darwin strategy of natural selection, thus he proposed that all species are related to integrity common ancestor known as the real eve.Moreover, he take awayered extra support for the core concept that earth itself is not motionless still evolving .Darwin believed that some of the instinct apply in Malthus struggle of survival would speed up the survival scheme. Throughout his research, Darwin concluded that this ongoing struggle in the midst of those to a greater extent and less fit to survive would produce a never ending progression of change in the organism (How did Thomas Malthus influence Charles Darwin?). Darwin used the ideas of many scholars to develop his theory. He strongly believed that population growth lodge pending until existing natural re referenc e works becomes stabilized.Thomas Malthus was ordained minister of the gospel, who believed that famishment and illnesses were employed by God to prevent populations growth. He further mentions that wanting(p) these positive checks the population would explode rapidly .Malthus saw life as a divine inspiration that assign men to work fervently. In addition, Malthus dis analogous most of the statement used by the early philosophers, he believed that human problems can be resolve through the social engineering science network. close to of the philosophers, who Malthus dislikes, use his essay as guide to coin their theory (How did Thomas Malthus influence Charles Darwin?).Alfred Russell WallaceAlfred Russell Wallace was the first British naturalist, who coined the endpoint evolution, due to his natural selection. It was his proposal that Darwin use to formulate his theory. Wallaces theory was publicized at the like clip of that of Charles Darwin. According to historians, Wallace and Darwin worked independently, yet uninformed about each others research. Both men shared the same perceptiveness about biological mechanism, in which species delayingly change to meet the criteria of their environment. During this era, most persons strongly believed that all species were irreversible merchandise of divine creation (Alfred Russel Wallace biography).Evolution is the process by which chemise occur though enormous diversity of the living species. Studies have shown that all living species have descended from one and only(a) common ancestor in the ago. Wallace school of thought of spiritualism was vast different to those of Charles Darwin thesis of human minds. Darwin saw humans as highly evolved organisms Wallace believed that the human mind was inspired by something alfresco evolution and that the human spirit could continue to progress after cobblers last (Rocky road Alfred Russel Wallace). At first Wallace believed that the duties executed by men would pra ctice amend with the current time. However, as time progress, he changes his verdict. He hold that the entire universe was fashioned by human being, lawsuitable that we are considered a little lower than angels. As young man, though, he thought differently. In one passage about the King Bird of Paradise, Wallace both marvelled at the existence of such amazing creatures that had so seldom been seen by people, and made a prescient observation about humanitys impact on nature (Rocky road Alfred Russel Wallace).Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer was the first sociologist in Derby England. Herbert defined sociology as the canvass of societal evolution and believed that the ultimate goal of societal evolution is complete harmony and happiness (Evolutionary theory, 2004 p. 434). Spencer embraced Charles Darwin theory of natural selection, after he publishes the book origins of species. Spencer was considered an influential supporter of social Darwinism, and subfield of Darwin hypothesis o f human societies. Spencer coined the term survival of the fittest to describe the contest between individuals and groups. He theorized that wealth and world power are signs of intrinsic fitness, while poverty is considered as evidence of low standard (Evolutionary theory, 2004 p. 434).Spencer concept of adaption permits him to declare that the rich and powerful are able to adopt the social and economic means of the current time, while the concept of natural selection allows him to argue that it is normal for the rich to progress at the works of the vile. After all, it is an issue of everyday life. In some typeface Social Darwinist argue that it is inappropriate to assist those who are weak than oneself, since it go out promote survival of someone who is inapt Spencer had many very natural political views and grew to despise organisation programs that were aimed to help the poor. In the end it was his biting views on politics that held his ideas back from being judge right a way. Spencer was like Darwin in some ways, but when it came down to the theory of evolution, Spencer took it one maltreat further than Darwin by saying that it involved much more that just biology (Herbert spencer).Charles LyellCharles Lyell was a well-known geologist and uniformitarian supporter during the mid 19 century. creation a firm believer of uniformitarian (All about Science) he coined the term uniformitarianism. Lyell back up his hypothesis base on geological observation that the made during his visits to europium and North American. This theory asserts that the same biological process that operates in the past continues to do so in the same way and with the same gradual force. According to Encarta dictionary catastrophism is the process by which the natal description of earth surfaces was structure by a series of impetuous violent, rather than gradual evolutionary theory. This approach have seen a large extinct of animals and plants. An utilization of this theory is Noahs flood. During the flood, everything was wiped away except those that were taken into the ark.The catastrophist believed that all species created are irreversible. However, the catastrophist detection was opposed by Sir Charles Lyell in his book principles of geology. Lyell mention in his book, that earths surface is constantly undergoing changes, as a result of the unvarying operation of natural forces. As time progress, Darwin found himself apt to Lyells viewpoint. However, He soon realise that some of his psychometric test of living plants and creature posed great doubt to those of Lyell. Lyell maintained that species were created differently. He further mentions that the remains of extinct species resemble those of living species in the same geographical area (The influence of Darwin on psychology). Although, he had difficulty accepting his own philosophy, his work found favour in the eyes of Charles Darwin (All about Science). Moreover, his works found a source of beli eve some billions years ago. However, Darwin theory of evolution, did not propose any time frame until he embrace Lyell old earth theories (All about Science).Most scientists accepted Lyell theory because it provides rational explanation and details. Yet those explanation were considered evidence, and even today scientist used Lyell geological explanation with no major questioning. Darwin accepted Lyell work hold heartedly, because it gives him a clear instinct of his beliefs. At one point Lyell retaliated against the theory of geology, because he believed that theory depicts a biased and construal move of the scripture Genesis (Sir Charles Lyell).Alfred BinetAlfred Binet was French psychology, who was known for success in levelheaded testing. In the 1889 Binet discovered the first psychological research laboratory in France. As director of the laboratory, he attempted to develop experigenial technique that would measure rational thinking and intelligence. During the 1900s the F rench government (History of intelligence testing) contacted Binet, quest his help to develop a theory that would differentiate the variety between mental incompetence and mental stability. As result the said government pass an amendment bill that requires the present of all children in school. Hence the reason was to identify their specialities and to group them according to their learning abilities. With the help of his co-worker, psychologist Theodore Simon, he was able to devise a test that would measure the mental capacity of children. This approach was known as the Binet-Simon scale.After the development of the Binet-Simon scale, the test was soon brought to the coupled States where it generated considerable interest (History of intelligence testing). Lewis Terman a psychologist at the standard university used Alfred Binet testing to conduct his own survey, the outcome of his conclusion was known as Stanford-Binet well-grounded scale, soon after it was initially change to standard intelligent testing.The Stanford-Binet intelligent testing is conducted by trained professionals, who known how to administered the examination and proficient the answers. The method designed to compute the IQ score is dividing mental age by the actual chronological age of the individual taking the examination and then multiply it by 100. For example if an 8year old scores a mental age of 12 her IQ given to her would be 150ie 1Q of 150(8/12x 100). Although this initiative is accurate in children it does not compute will for adults. skilful testingSir Francis GaltonFrancis Galton was a British Scientist, who laid the foundation of eugenics. He was excessively related to Charles Darwin. As result he was the first to acknowledge Darwins evolutionary theory, after he read the book the origins of species. Galton soon became interested in heredity and the measurement of humans He collected various statistical data on height, dimensions and other characteristics of human being s. Base on quantitative studies of prominent individuals and their family trees, he concluded that intellectual ability is inherited in much the same way as physicals traits and he later print his finding in heredity (Sir Francis Galton). Galton strongly believed that the nature of intelligence have led him to inspire the thoughts, that society should encourage the upper class to refill the earth , while the lower class refrain from doing so.During the mid 19 century eugenics was seen considered social Darwinism. Social Darwinism entails the struggle for existence and survival of the fittest. When utilize to humanity it simply suggest the rich are wealthy off than the poor, and more successful in life. The controversy between the rich and poor permits the continual development of the species in orderly and timely manner, thus bring to better society. Galton conduct a further probe to investigate the difference between the effects of heredity and those of environment ( Sir Franc is Galton ). Base on his finding he was able to detect how education and environmental factors influence our mental ability. Galton continues to recognize heredity as prominent influence, regardless of his finding. Galton was among the first scientist to study twins, who had been separated from each other as means offering sixth sense into the nature -nurture controversy (Sir Francis Galton). They contribution made by Galton provides valuable source for both psychologist and educators.

Technology impact on social interactions

Technology fix on societal interactionsTechnology loafer concord supportive and shun impact on loving interactionsWith the pro emotional stateration of technologies that atomic number 18 able to overcome the obstacles of sequence and aloofness (e.g., send offplanes, cars, the Internet), star would think that these tools would be used to gain an taste of a nonher(prenominal) cultures, agree sight tout ensemble over the field, maintain and arm familial alliances, communicate effectively with others, and help community to become much(prenominal) neighborlyly adept. However, some(prenominal) technological advances cause battalion to be distracted, excessively stressed, and increasingly isolated. Many mess atomic number 18 involved in an rife number of relationships through applied science, but somemultiplication the quantity of these associations leaves people t unrivalled of region qualitatively empty. Obviously, engineering science has had a pro base impact on what it nub to be mixer.Society is wishly on the cusp of a tender revolution, during which it will be important to redefine kindlyly appropriate and delicious behaviors (with regard to digital or rea arguingic interaction). We are at a point in history where very few people halt prone critical thought to natural social realities created by technology and what those realities mean for the individual and inn. In this section we closely examine a few social technologies that influence leisure. The section first olfactions at virtual communities, social net earning sites, and todays conference tools. Then we critically hypothesise on gaming and television receiver. Think about how each technology affects your social life and social skills. Keep in mind that these are moreover a few of the technologies that may affect you socially. A comprehensive list is not executable here.A study of students and information technology found that 85 percent of undergraduates surveyed used social networking sites (Salaway et al., 2008) (see figure 8.2). Many of the respondents describe utilize such sites day-after-day. Figure 8.3 indicates how undergraduate students use social networking sites. This enshroud found indications that use of these sites is increasing yearly. Let us at present look critically at whether this trend is overbearing.The use of social networking sites has twain positive and negative consequences. It is amazing how someone can find a long-lost acquaintance through a social networking site, modify them to reconnect. In a parliamentary law where people subscribe become quite mobile and family and friends are very much geographically separated, it is convenient to keep in touch through technology.However, one need not look far to find problems associated with social networking sites. thither is a lively debate about whether Internet addictions are real. To me it appears to be a real problem (perception is often reality in a social context) with which people gestate to grapple. Some assert that these Web sites chip ind to treachery on significant others, often leading to divorce. batch have been shoot from their jobs or put under pressure because they use these sites at work or because something is posted on a site that undermined the persons professional standing.Although divorce and loss of employment are serious issues, peradventure they are not as common as other problems that have the potential to stem from social networking sites. Narcissismexcessive interest in ones appearance and in oneselfis some quantifys humankindsifested on social networking sites. These Web sites have been found to be an avenue for people to discover their narcissistic traits online (Buffardi Campbell, 2008). I often wonder whether people use these sites to flourish their popularity to the world rather than use them as a vehicle to overhaul substantive relationships.Creating meaningful relationships is ofte n about overlap our lives with others, and technology can allow us to do so through photos, videos, text, and music. In conducting seek for my doctoral dissertation, I looked at how eight senior citizens used technology and how it affected their lives. My hope was to find that they used technology to stay in touch with friends, family, and people with similar interests. Although the participants did use e-mail to stay in touch with family and friends, just about all of the study participants talked about how vapid claver rooms and discussion boards seemed to be. Most had tried chatting a few ms and then gave up because they viewed it as a waste of time (similar reasons were precondition by undergraduates in the ECAR study who did not use social networking sites). However, one participant was a chat room monitor for a phantasy baseball site. As he spent more time in that chat room he began to realize that it was not as modify as he first imagined. People were in that virtual confederation because of a carry ond or common interest. Gradually he got to screw people and care about their lives. He was leveltually able to meet some of these new, online friends in person and said they connected as if they had cognize each other for years.While working on my dissertation I visited many chat rooms and discussion boards that catered to older adults. After visit many such sites, I began to be discouraged because of the inane reputation of many of the conversations. However, I stumbled on one online discussion board in which two World War II veterans wrote about their experiences in the war. They similarly lamented the fact that where they lived, there were no more veterans of that war left. They felt entirely and isolated, but this chat room was a forum where they fit in again. They were able to share similar interests and experiences.Perhaps overcoming a sense of isolation is one of the greatest features of online communities and virtual worlds. Someone king feel like an outcast in her own community or family but office find someone online with similar hobbies, pursuits, and interests. Consider someone who enjoys photography as a serious leisure pursuit. This person would be able to share that passion with people all over the world by using the Internet and its powerful tools (e-mail, video chat, discussion boards, online video, family Web sites). However, exactly sharing common interests and pursuits with people through technology does not necessarily have a positive impact on social skills and social development. free rein and hearty DevelopmentGaming is an instance where you may encounter potentially serious social setbacks. I lead a group of boy Scouts who share a love of a certain online virtual world game. This game seems to be all they talk about. When given other opportunities for deep, respectful, meaningful conversation, these boys are sometimes rather inept. Although linking their online gaming to poor social skills might be spurious, studies show negative social impacts of some video games. superstar study tested whether high exposure to video games increased onslaught over time. It was found that simulated military operationing violent video games is a significant risk factor for later physical aggression in both Japan and the United Statesfor boys and girls (Anderson et al., 2008).However, linking video games to poor social skills and behaviors often misses the striking picture. People might participate in other activities (take football, for example) in which the social problems that arise from the activity may be the same or even worse than those of gaming. Evidently it is not enough to simply blame the medium. In fact, in many instances, gaming may aid in relationship building. The 13th Annual MediaWise Video Game Report Card (Walsh Gentile, 2008) indicated that 75 percent of gamers play with other people. Since my family received a Wii as a gift, we have spent countless hours of e njoyment playing together. Naturally, overindulgence in this one activity would have deleterious results, but the limited time we do spend playing together seems to strengthen our family.Television and Social DevelopmentTelevision is other technology that has mixed reviews with regard to social skills and social lives. Some researchers suggest that spending a limited sum total of time watching wholesome programs can strengthen families and friendships. Others believe that television contributes to the downfall of social values in this country. It does seem that many people spend less time with others in their community than they do with the people they watch daily on television. Television tends to be a passive medium, which requires little skill and thought on our part (although some scheduling bucks this trend). Therefore, television go aways little opportunity for meaningful interaction while watching. Watchers simply sit there and ingest what is presented to them without hav ing to respond or react to another person. Obviously this can have serious effects on peoples social skills because viewers are not practicing how to relate to and muss with other people.Exposure to what is viewed on television can have some other serious effects on peoples social lives. For example, exposure to television shows with sexual content may increase the come across of teen pregnancy (see figure 8.4) (Chandra et al., 2008). Furthermore, when some people see violence, sex, and all manner of lasciviousness on television, they may be prone to pantomime the behavior and think that it is acceptable. Were everyone to copy the social behaviors portrayed on television, our society would lack morals, and many levels of individuals lives would be destroyed.It is apparent that technology has the potential to vituperate or enhance your social skills and social life. The key is to analyze how technology affects you socially. Do technologies help you build positive, meaningful rela tionships, or do technologies deflect this process? Are you better able to communicate, listen, and share because of the technologies in your life? Do you use technologies to improve your relationships and build new ones? Are you permit a few choice people know who you are and what you contribute to this world, or are you merely distracting yourself with shallow pursuits? Does technology increase or decrease your concern for others, your compassion for others, and your desire to serve them? Such are the critical questions regarding technology and social development.http//www.buzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-technology-on-society.htmlPositive Effects of Technology on SocietyTechnology runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has definitely benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. automation brought about by technology has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has make the world a polisheder place to live in. Let us look at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change. Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. presuppose the amount of labor that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of automation did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the boredom of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be spending doing household chores during the time there were no machines and household appliances. Its better not imagined. Todays is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of Transport The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. succession has witnessed this ind ustry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of transport in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and externalise of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human flavor Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either because they are risky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial word of honor has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration. Data Management and Information Retrieval Computer te chnology, needless to say, has changed the governing body of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most advancing industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from computer networking concepts is the most effective communication computer program and the largest information base existing today. Impact on the Entertainment and advertise Industries The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and denote industries. everywhere the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses within seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to wat ch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and user-friendly devices, all this has become in reality easy. Onset of the Digital Age Theres hardly anything analog now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. Talk pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compress form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering user experience with technology. Communication Redefined Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest means to connect. owe to developments in technology, communication is wireless. Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. artificial satellite Technology Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite radio have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio, even communication to ships and airplanes wouldnt have been possible if not for satellite communication. Even your hand-held devices wouldnt be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few palm influenced by technology. It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on th e whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improved the quality of human life. Theres less risk, less effort, less mess. Theres more leisure, more ease and more speed all because of that ten-letter word not a word, a phenomenon technology.

Comparison Of King Lear And Gloucester Essay examples -- essays resear

Shakespeare uses subplots to dramatize the action of the play and give visible light on the contrast for the themes in king Lear. Sub plots usually remediate the effect of dramatic irony and suspense. The latter, which is used in King Lear, gives us the understanding of the emotions of the characters in the play. This follows the parallelism in the midst of Gloucester and King Lear. In King Lear, the subplot of Gloucester corresponds to the major plot of King Lear. Both fathers have their own stanch legitimate kidskin and their evil and disloyal child. They are both worthy men, who have children that return to them in their time of need. Gloucester and Lear are both tormented, and their favoured child recovers their life. In the early beginning of the play, Cordelia says that her love for her father is the love between father and daughter, no to a greater extent, no less. Unhappy that I am, I cannot distort My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty According to my bond, no more nor less. (Act 1 photo 1 Pg. 13 lines 93-95) In response, King Lear goes into rage, and divides Cordelias share of the kingdom between her two unworthy sisters. Such mischief is encountered by Gloucester in the subplot. O villain, villain His very opinion in the letter Abhorred villain Unnatural, detested, brutish villain Worse than brutish Go, sirrah, seek him. Ill apprehend him. Abominable villain Where is he? (Act 1 Scene 2 Pg. 37 lines 75-78) Gloucester fool...

Social Anxiety Disorder :: essays research papers

Social concern unhinge is also known as complaisant phobia. It is defined as the fear of complaisant situations that involve interaction with other people. It is the fear and fretting of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or ridicule. This leads to feelings of inadequacy, self-consciousness, and depression. The soul with brotherly fretfulness disorder may believe that all look atomic number 18 on him at all times. Social anxiousness disorder is the third largest mental health case issue in the world, and it hindquarters effect 7% of the population (15 million Americans) at any presumptuousness time.     There are many different perceptions about people with social anxiety. People who do have it are often seen by others as just being shy, aloof, constrained, unfriendly, uneasy, quiet, indifferent, or diffident. The people who are afflicted with social anxiety may be clouded by the se perceptions as well, so they may fail to strain treatment. Because the problem is generally unheard of, they may think that they are the only integritys who suffer from it. People who do seek treatment are misdiagnosed 90% of the time, often labeled as " temper disorder", "manic depressive", or "schizophrenic", among other things. This is because social anxiety is not well understood by the general public, or medical examination or health care professionals. They are not even indisputable of the real cause of it or what it stems from.     Those with the disorder usually know that their anxiety, thoughts, and fears are irrational and unfounded. They realize that it is angst and terror that they are experiencing. They know that people around them are not really critically judging them or evaluating them constantly. They examine that everyone is not out to degrade or embarrass them. But disdain this logical knowledge and sense, they still continue to feel and believe differently, thus, thoughts and symptoms of anxiety usually persist with no indication of going away.     People with social anxiety may usually experience extreme distress in some of these situations when they are being introduced to other people, being teased or criticized, being the center of attention, meeting important people or classic people, being watched while doing something, having to announce something in a public situation, abash easily, or making eye contact. Social anxiety may be selective, though. A person may have an extreme fear of one occasion, such as public speaking, but be perfectly well-to-do in any other situation.

Fetal Brain Tissue Transplantation in Parkinsons Disease Patients Essa

Fetal Brain Tissue transplant in Parkinsons affection PatientsParkinsons disease is a neurological disorder characterized initially by muscular rigidity and slowing of voluntary movements (1). Ultimately, the characteristics are tremor, mask-like faces, decreased unwritten blinking, flexion posture and sometimes cognitive impairment. The neuropathology of Parkinsons disease by and large involves loss of cell bodies in all melanin-containing brain regions and invariably a loss of substantia jigaboo dopamine-containing neurons (DA). The principal target for dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra is the striatum and the loss of dopaminergic tone in the striatum is thought to stimulate most of the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Since Parkinsons disease is a dopamine deficiency, discussion with L-Dopa, the precursor of dopamine, was successful in treating Parkinsons patients (1). However, these patients taking L-Dopa often develop side effects and in about 50% of th e patients, the medicine effectiveness is lost. As an alternative to drug therapy, the possibility of grafting dopamine-containing thread into the brains was proposed. From the proposal, there have been a vast amount of experiments to test graft effectiveness. Work in amphibians and fish were the first to demonstrate the possibilities for neuronal rehabilitation after damage in the central nervous system (2). In these species, especially in the visual system, grafted neurons were substituted both structurally and functionally for modify axonal connections, and afferent and efferent connections were established with a high ground level of specificity between the grafted neurons and the host. Evidence in adult sub-mammalian vertebrates has shown c... ...a, S., Brundin, P. and Gustavii, B., 1989, Human fetal dopamine neurons grafted into the striatum in two patients with severe Parkinsons disease. A detail account of methodology and a 6-month follow-up. Archives of Neurology 46 615-631. 6. Freed, C.R., Breeze, R.E., Rosenberg, N.L. and Schneck, S.A., 1990, Transplantation of human fetal dopamine cells for Parkinsons disease. Results at 1 year. 47 505-512. 7. Jankovic, J., Grossman, R., Goodman, C. and Pirozzolo, F., 1989, Clinical, biochemical and neuropathologic findings following graft of adrenal medulla to the caudate nub for treatment of Parkinsons disease. Neurology 39 1227-1234. 8. Allen G.S., Burns, R.S., Tulipan, N.B. and Parker, R.A., 1989, Adrenal medullary transplantation to the caudate nucleus in Parkinsons disease. Initial clinical results in 18 patients. 46 487-491.

The Scarlett Letter Review :: essays research papers

The Scarlet earn is a movie that has changed some times and in this summary I will tryto stick to this ane movie, even though I may compare it to the novel. As you alreadyknow, The Scarlet Letter was scripted by Nathaniel Hawthorne dealing with the times ofthe Salem witch trials and puritan life. It is express that Hawthorne was very focused onthese times because he felt red-handed because his ancestors sent many men and womenthrough various trails including burning and drowning them. Hawthorne is a great writerand one of my personal favorites, he writes in much(prenominal) a way that a vision is formed in your spirit and he shows the feelings of those in his stories, real or imagined. For preset the movie is told from dips eyes as if looking back on the caramel brown hermother and father shared and their trials to be together. It begins with Mistress HesterPrin coming to the colonies without her husband, which many viewed as odd anyway. Hester finds her a nice cottage on th e coast and precedes to buy help and live fairlynormal. Many look mastered on her because she is alone and they expect something terribleof her. There is a sort of women that take her in because they too are shunned fromsociety, this group includes Harriet, she is very accommodative and friendly to Hester throughoutthe movie. One day while Hester is gardening she verifys a red bird and follows it to whereshe sees a young man swimming in the au naturel(predicate). On the Sabbath on her way to church hercarriage gets stuck in the mud, and the nude swimmer helps her and admits that he hasbeen trespassing on her property. The two get to town and he disappears before she canget his name. Then she enters and sits and he enters the pulpit. after(prenominal) the service they areproperly introduced and he finds out that she is married. You can see in his eyes that thistruly hurts him especially since many, many women introduce her to him as Mrs. RogerPrin. The two a obviously very in trigued with each other and eventually their passion isfreed on a chance meeting. Hester then realizes she is pregnant and one of the ladies thatalso joins her at Harriets told the elders, because she had saw Hester throw up in themorning hours. Hester refused to reveal the father and lie in prison until her claw wasborn. Rev.

The Handmaids Tale as a Biblical Allusion Essay -- Handmaids Tale Es

The Handmaids Tale A scriptural Allusion bet a country where choice is not a choice. One is labeled by their age and economical status. The deep red cloaks, the blue embroidered dresses, and the pinstriped elevate are all uniforms to define a persons standing in society. To be judged, not by beauty or personality or talents, precisely by the ability to pro fabricate instead. To not believe in the puritan religion is certain death. To read or write is to die. This definition is represent to be true in the book, The Handmaids Tale (1986) by Margaret Atwood. It is a flagitious story of one young woman and her transformation into the Gilead society, the society draw above. In the book, we meet Offred, the narrator of the story. This story is not the first to create a society in which the moreover two important beliefs in a society are the ability to procreate and a fixed belief in God. It is seen several times in the Old Testament, the Bible. The Biblical society is not as rigid as the majority rule of Gilead, which Margaret Atwood has built, unless it is very similar. The Handmaids Tale holds several biblical allusions. The first biblical allusion is that of the land of Gilead. Gilead is mentioned several times in the Bible as a gear up of fertile lands. The Bible states, To the east the Israelites occupied the land. . . , because their blood had increased in Gilead (Numbers 321, NIV) and The tribes, who led very large herds and flocks, saw that the lands of Jazer and Gilead were suitable for livestock (1 Chronicles 59, NIV). The Biblical land of Gilead was a land of prospering livestock. Families and tribes came to Gilead because of the lands lush, super C and fertile soil. The Republic of Gilead was also... ...n individual, but each person is noticed only by the clothing that they wear. Imagine a country where the husband is the notch of the family, and no other members of the household hold any rights at all. Imagine a country where reading and writing are crimes punishable by death. One can imagine, but no one can dig out the pain and suffering and emotional death that one must meet to live in a society such as the Republic of Gilead. This story of the future may very well be a story of the past a story based upon principles found in the Bible, but taken so literally and enforced so strictly that the country becomes a theocracy to hate. Bibliography Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaids Tale. Boston, Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986. The NIV Study Bible. Barker, Kenneth General Editor. Grand Rapids, lettuce The Zondervan Corporation, 1995

The Dream Team Era Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Dream squad EraDuring the summer of 1992, the NBA took center on stage as the world watched the greatest team in sports invariably assembled joke, pose, and finally play its way to the gold medal at the summer Olympic games. The team was named the Dream team and it featured eleven of the NBAs better(p) players. Names like Michael Jordan, Earvin Magic Johnson, and Larry gentlewoman headlined the games and the play of Scottie Pippen and Sir Charles Barkley take the show. After only eight games, the world of regular army basketball game game would neer be the same(p). Since 1992 two more teams called themselves the Dream group and two were simply labeled as Team ground forces but one social occasion is for certain, International basketball has taken a step in the pay direction thanks in part to the NBA and its Dream Team era. everywhere time the faces of those players may have changed, but the goal has always stayed the same and thats the goal of bringing seat th e gold medal.After prevail mens Olympic basketball for years, the mens USA basketball team lost to the USSR in the 1988 Seoul games which cost them a archeological site at winning the gold medal, but they did come home office with the bronze. The United States Olympic committee decided that since the rest of the world were send their best players into the Olympic games that when it came to basketball it was time for them to do the same. The close was do in 1989 to allow players from the NBA to represent their country in the 1992 Barcelona games. That one decision was the most important decision in the history of international basketball with one goal in mind to put together the best possible team that they could.The goal of putting a great basketball team of NBA players together seemed impossible especially when it came to dealing with the egos of todays athletes, but what seemed impossible became a reality. Established veterans like Magic Johnson and Larry Bird and future Hall of Famers/MVPs like Michael Jordan and best accomplice Charles Barkley were added to the team. Big men David Robinson and Patrick Ewing were added to control the paint and guards Clyde The Glide Drexler and John Stockton were added to counting the show. The man picked to coach the team was Chuck Daly who had won two of the locomote three NBA Championships with the Detroit Pistons. Knowing that no other team would ever be as potentially great as this one, sportswriters around the world dubbe... ...could desexualise an 85-83 win, but only after Lithuanias game winning shot fell short at the buzzer (Games).Even though Team USA wasnt as star-studded as the previous two Olympic teams, they still achieved the goal of winning a gold medal, but the travel plan that they took to get there was much tougher than the path of teams in the past. With that being said, Team USA helped the United States Mens basketball program to field 109 wins with only two losses spread across 14 variant Olympic games. Despite the fact that the era and aura of the Dream Team was destroyed, the memories of the games provide live on forever. Names like Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, Shaquille ONeal and Vince Carter will always be remembered for having great NBA careers, but also for bring home the gold medal for their country and doing it with a class and a clemency that will never be seen again. Works CitedGames of the XXVth Olympiad2000. 17 Oct. 2003 Taylor, Phill. Slam Dunk. Sports Illustrated imposing 1996 48-53.The Dream Team Simply the Best. Videocassette. Xenon Entertainment Group, 1997. 73 min.USA Basketball 96 Olympic Gold. Videocassette. CBS FOX Video Sports, 1996. 50 min.

Drilling in North America Essay -- Environment Argumentative Persuasiv

To Invest in Drilling or to Invest in Our Future?Youve almost make it. The captain says that around these mountains, in about 15 minutes, you should see it, the ample coastal plain of the Arctic topic Wildlife Refuge birthplace to caribou, frozen bears, and much of the other arctic wildlife. Youve been looking forward to seeing this for as long as you can mobilise and when you do its breathtaking offbeat clean white plains, just like youd seen in the home(a) Geographic. You attend to the sounds surrounding you, the ocean lapping along the boat, the air whistling through the mountains, thewhats that? That automatonlike noiseit sounds likelike engines, but what are machines doing on this remote, beautiful, peaceful, and highly important work? As you turn your focus to the east, where the noise is coming from, you see it. Among the thin tundra and substantial mountains lining the plain you see a giant petroleum field. In the middle of this pristine territory there it is, a me chanical giant usageing and moving to its own ominous sound. And then you remember it all12 years ago during the Bush administration, our president pushed for the opening of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to stop our dependence on foreign oil and to ascent our economy with new usance after the tragic events of September 11, 2001. This scenario tragically could happen. Sure it sounds like a great plan, lets stop supporting the terrorist countries and drill our own oil, lets provide thousands of new jobs after so many plenty are being laid off, lets drill in the last stay untouched American Arctic coastline. It sounds good, but its not reasonable, environmentally or economically. It would take years before we could even reap the profi... ...on, Pete. Jobs and Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge A Summary and Review of accredited Literature. The Wilderness Society. 25 Sept. 2001. < www.wilderness.org In Dr. Pete Mortons study of the relationship between jobs an d oil production in the Arctic Wildlife Refuge facts were presented through research of numerous books and studies by other researchers in the field. He looks at the proposed number of job employment and uses his research as well as others to disprove this high number.9) The National Resource Defense Council. < www.nrdc.org Online. 23 Feb. 2002.The National Resource Defense Council website offered randomness on any and all existing environmental problems, including alternative brawniness sources, national parks, etc. The section on the Arctic Wildlife Refuge provided graphs and statistics efficacious for the environmental stance.

Expanding Medicare to Include Prescription Drug Coverage :: essays papers

Expanding Medicargon to Include Prescription Drug Cover advanceIntroduction passim the past year of presidential campaigning, one of the top issues for both candidates has been that of whether or not there should be a prescription-drug turn a profit added to Medicare. Both George W. render and Al Gore have proposed a plan to expand Medicare to take on full prescription-drug coverage for senior(a) citizens receiving Medicare, at the expense of assesspayers. It is obvious wherefore this issue has been such a priority for both candidates. Senior citizens suffrage at a much higher rate than other age groups. Both candidates know the importance of these senior citizen votes and believe that the proposal of adding a prescription-drug benefit is something that impart appeal to a vast number of senior citizens. Both candidates have portrayed the issue as being truly critical and as a serious problem that needs to be addressed. The question, however, is whether or not such drug coverage is a worthwhile project to undertake. Is the problem indeed serious enough to call for the eccentric person of reform that the candidates are proposing? Medicare is already a very costly course of information to keep up, and adding prescription-drug coverage would increase these costs even more. In localize to fund this project, there will need to be a tax hike. Should taxpayers subsidize this prescription-drug benefit? Is there a good reason wherefore this redistribution should take place? What are the benefits and costs of this proposal? These and other questions will be addressed in this paper as we examine the interest topics the need for senior citizens to have prescription-drug coverage, the political rhetoric involved with this issue, the communicate shortfall in the budget of the Medicare program, and who really would benefit if a prescription-drug benefit was added to Medicare.Need for Prescription-Drug Coverage Many people argue that the lack o f a prescription-drug benefit is the major shortcoming of the Medicare program. But are Medicare recipients really in need of such a benefit? According to a study done by the AARP Public Policy Institute, about 25.6 million, or 65 percent, of noninstitutionalized Medicare beneficiaries already receive some type of prescription-drug coverage, whether it is through employer-sponsored health plans or individually purchased private health policies. This leaves about 13.5 million Medicare beneficiaries who are without prescription-drug coverage.